There are thousands of ninth and tenth graders in need of geometry tutoring services in Philadelphia. Of the twenty or so companies in town currently offering geometry tutoring, parents of high schoolers view the quality of each individual tutoring service to be about the same.

The government grants a patent to a pharmaceutical company protecting an experimental cancer treatment. That company is the only pharmaceutical producer allowed to manufacture and sell the treatment.

Two ride share apps service a large percentage of a big city market. Consumers do not prefer one app over the other$$if they choose to order a ride, they opt to use the app with the shortest wait time.

There are thousands of car dealerships that serve millions of consumers each year. The dealerships vary by location, offerings, and quality, allowing consumers with an array of preferences to find vehicles that match their individual needs.