Think about the five most relevant ethical issues that business deals with and discuss their impact to the business and to management. Review the slides or book to first find the five issues then choose one and discuss its impact. Please do not repeat examples of impact.

other responses :

1. Let's discuss environmental regulations and their impact on a business. "Many developed nations have substantial regulations governing the emission of pollutants, the dumping of toxic chemicals, the use of toxic materials in the workplace, and so on. Those regulations are often lacking in developing nations, and, according to critics, the result can be higher levels of pollution from the operations of multinationals than would be allowed at home (Slide 10)." One benefit of these environmental regulations is that it limits greenhouse gas emissions and it significantly heightens better water and air quality, particularly in the regions that were the dirtiest before to regulation (Gray). In contrast to this, environmental regulations raise production costs and lower productivity compelling businesses to adjust their production procedures and install pollution control equipment. Regulatory expenses can affect how businesses choose where to build new plants and where to move production within existing ones.

2. California introduced air quality regulations in the late 1970s that were more stringent than the federal standards under the Clean Air Act, providing variation in regulatory intensity between parts of California and the rest of the US. A 2001 plant-level analysis of the impact of increased local nitrogen oxides regulation in California's South Coast Air Basin (Los Angeles) area measured the effect of the added regulation on manufacturing plant outcomes-specifically on plant-level pollution-control capital investments, employment, and value added using data from the Annual Survey of Manufactures[1]. The study concluded that the added regulation resulted in sizable investments in abatement capital (especially in oil refineries and other highly polluting industries), without any significant effect on employment. The regulations did impose real costs on manufacturing firms, but had no detectable employment effects.

Another detailed study looked at the effect of the increased stringency of the emission standards under the 1970 and 1977 Amendments to the Clean Air Act in the US[2]. These Amendments represented the first air quality standards introduced in the country and the first attempt by the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to enforce them. The empirical analysis is based on detailed plant-level input and output data for more than 1.75 million plants drawn from the 1967?1987 US Census of Manufactures. The preferred empirical estimates suggest that carbon monoxide and ozone regulations have the strongest depressing effects on labor demand. A carbon monoxide non-attainment designation leads to a 3.3% reduction in annual employment in carbon monoxide-emitting plants, while an ozone non-attainment designation leads to a 1% reduction in annual employment in ozone-emitting plants. Regulations for excessive sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate emissions are not associated with significant changes in employment.

The study also examines the heterogeneity of the measured effect of the regulations on employment across industrial sectors. While the evidence suggests that regulatory effects on employment do not differ statistically across industries, the total impact of the regulations is particularly severe for industries that emit multiple pollutants in counties that are designated as non-attainment for those pollutants, particularly for the pulp and paper and the iron and steel industries.

3. Ethical Issues

When we think of ethics we think of morals, beliefs, integrity, and principles. Ethics insimple term is what is right or wrong when it comes to people's behavior or conduct and what isjust or unjust. The textbook, International Business writes on five of the most common ethicalissues that involve Employment Practices, Human Rights, Environmental Regulations,Corruption and Moral obligations of multinational corporations. (Chapter 5, slide4). All five areimportant however I choose to discuss human rights. Why? I strongly believe human rights isextremely important when it comes down to what is right, wrong, just, or unjust. To me oncehuman rights are addressed many of the issues we see as it relates to employment practices,attitude towards the environment, corruption can be alleviated simple by doing the right thing.Some of the reasons I think human rights are important are, believe it or not it protects theenvironment in the sense that we need our planet to survive so we must protect it. The interestbetween our rights and the environment today is so strong and one example is our concern forclimate change. Whatever happen to the environment affects humans. Also, human rights standup against corruption. This allows people to speak up when they see corruption whether it isfrom an individual, government or a company. This leads me to the question, what impact doeshuman rights have on business and management?Today many companies are required to have policies in place on human rights. Withthese policies in place, it forces companies to be fair to workers such as demonstrating equalityfor all no matter race, gender, or religion. For example, when an employer only hires workers ofhis/her race, that violates the right to equal treatment. This action can have a negative impact onthe business which can end up impacting the company's operation and how they do business,which can lead to decline in customers, suppliers, and profit. Human rights forces company topay extreme attention to their employee's complaints and needs so that they can address themwithout having to result in drastic measures which can lead to lawsuits. They can improveworkers satisfaction by collaborating with their employees to improve conditions in otherwardsrespecting human rights can make your business more successful. If they think about it businesswill suffer if humanity suffers and it will force the business to do the right thing if the entireworld is looking at their company.

4. Ethical matters in business cover a wide variety of different range of subjects that fall under an organization's ethical policies. Stimulating behavior founded on honesty and trust is a fundamental moral challenge in business. Still, more problematic issues include adapting diversity, human decision-making, and compliance and governance that are constant with the organization's basic principles.

Privacy, Technology, and Practices Technological advances in security, concerning non-disclosure agreements raise privacy issues for clients and staff. Employers can now observe employee activities on business computers and additional devices. While electronic monitoring aims to improve efficiency and productivity, it continually veers perilously close to the invasion of privacy.

5. After reviewing Chapter 5, the five most relevant ethicial issues that businesses deal with are; (1) employement practices, (2) human rights, (3) environmental regulations, (4) corruption, and (5) moral obligatiuons of multinational corporations. Human rights are the freedoms that belong to each person within the entire world. Impacts of human rights in business world is how a business treats its workers. Businesses need to be sure that they do not object to any employees human rights, as they need to be able to allow their employees to be free. Businesses need to be careful in the workplace, as they can get in serious trouble if they violate someones rights. The United Nations' Guiding Principles for business and human rights sets the boundries for for business and their responsibilities to respect human rights.

6. Ethics and International Business One of the ethical challenges that multinationals face is employment policies and Human Rights, this is determined on how they operate business in different countries around the world. As previously study in chapter 4 we learn that management of multinationals study the country in where they are willing to expand business, their culture, civil and social rights. Those studies and others provide them the knowledge of how develop is the country, also, will provide the necessary information about the workforce. Globalization empower companies to expand globally and hire subcontractors that provide the workforce with a low wage. Human rights are not the same globally, rights that are follow and applied in United States might not represent an issue in underdeveloped countries. One of them is the employment or enforcement of child labor (this link will provide a list of countries and produced goods by child labor or forced labor https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods-print). As an example, Timothy & Thomas company outsource their products from many countries, one of them is Pakistan in which mothers take their younger than 14 years old daughters to work, which is the legal age to work, and educations enrollment for girls is low. Corporate Mangers wants to follow the company standards, but Pakistani managers do not follow the same rules since child labor of underage of fourteen is free and hiring skilled adults would increase overhead cost. Poor families have limited resources. Manager of MNC that are relocated to those countries are exposed to make decisions on following the human rights policies by the company, and the international laws, or the rules by the country in which are performing business. Penalties could be imposed by Pakistani's law which would force the corporate managers to obey the law. Additionally, other violations of human rights are, forced work shifts between 12 to 18 hours depending on demand, health and safety, exposure to toxic, discrimination, lack of payment, and contamination to mention a few. One MNC exposed for not compliance of human rights was Nestle. In 2019 a lawsuit was filed in California for child slavery and trafficking on cocoa harvest, later the same year the case was dismissed from the U.S. court since U.S. does not have authority on Africa. This case demonstrates that violations are not always prove, or responsible parties are not always hold accountable. Finally, to have a better control over this type of situation external auditors are hired to determine compliance with humanitarian rules