Think carefully about the sessions you attend as part of your programme of studies. While your lecturers cannot really be considered to be leaders, or even heads, they are still responsible for achieving what could loosely be described as a task-related output; that is, a class that successfully passes the course or module. However, achieving this is something that relies on student endeavours as well. ExamineTable 8.3 (pp208) and try to answer the questions below.

1. To what extent does achieving the task-related output rely on leadership substitutes or leadership neutralisers?
2. Do these reduce the need for relationship-orientated behaviour, or taskorientated behaviour?
3. Do these substitutes or neutralisers exist because of characteristics of the students, of the task or of the organisation?