Thinking about how organizations create conditions that reinforce motivation, complete the sentences below.

When a manager uses positive and negative reinforcements to change an employee$$s performance, the manager is using $.$

If an employee comes in late to work, his or her manager may dock the employee$$s pay. This is a designed to discourage this behavior.

Jim is the mayor of a small town in the southeast. As mayor, he chairs the monthly town hall meeting. Last week, Jim ejected two people from the meeting when they wouldn$$t stop talking. This week, Jim notices that those two people stopped talking immediately when their time was up$.$ Jim is using to modify the behavior of the people who attend town hall meetings.