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The gross domestic product (GDP) is the most watched of all economic indicators contained in Canada's national accounts. Visit the Statistics Canada website www.statcan.gc.ca. Locate in Canada's Economic Accounts, the summary tables for the economic series mentioned in parts (a) and (b) below; and then answer parts (c), (d), and (e).

[5 marks] Find tables for gross domestic product Expenditure Based and Income Based, annual, (Separately), at market prices or Current Prices for the years 2016 through 2020. Download and attach the data table at the end of your answers to this question. (Do NOT provide the link to the table, you will get a zero for providing the link and not attaching the actual table). (This is nominal GDP table also known as GDP at market prices)

[2 marks] Find the Real Gross Domestic Product (Real GDP), Expenditure-Based, annual, at 2012 constant prices, for the years 2016 through 2020. Download and attach the data table at the end of your answers to this question. (Providing the link to the data table will get you a grade of zero)

[5 marks] What trend do you observe in GDP at market prices (in the data that you found in a)? What trend do you observe in GDP at constant prices (in the data that you found in b)? How and why do the two series differ? Explain your answer. To show the trend, a line graph is best (you can draw it in Word or Excel) Attach the graphs directly within the question.

[5 marks] Define the GDP Deflator and using the data tables for nominal GDP (market prices) and for real GDP (constant prices), calculate the GDP deflator for each year (2016-2020). Present the data in a table for each year. Show all your work.

[5 marks] For the year 2020, calculate the values of each of the four components of GDP at market prices (Expenditure based): consumption (C), investment (I), government purchases (G), and net exports (NX). Show and explain all your calculations. Make sure to include the sub-components that are relevant to each of the four components only. It's ideal to do this in MS Excel to do the calculation easily.

[8 marks] Find the latest release about real GDP on Statistics Canada's website (3rd quarter of 2021). Explain how real GDP has changed during the 3rd quarter and what factors contributed towards the change. Provide all the relevant details including the impact of COVID.

Please read the assigned material that is available on Canvas and think about how you would answer the discussion questions below. Objectives: a) Understand how RFID works b) Evaluate the economics of RFID (business value) c) Recognize the challenges in adopting technology on a large-scale. d) Evaluate risks associated with technology projects & how to mitigate those risks Context: Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology offers powerful enhancements to a firm's ability to track materials through the supply chain and has been marketed as the ultimate tool for managing physical and information flow in retail supply chains. When we cover Supply Chain transformation in Week 4, we will discuss various flows in the supply chainRFID allows synchronization of material and information flow. Among the many potential benefits of RFID technology are reduced shrink, increased product availability, and higher labor productivity. RFID may set the foundation for future retail stores where RFID may be used at item level and may truly create a check-out-less retail store with smart shelf and smart cart. METRO Group, the world's third-largest retailer, headquartered in Germany has to make some strategic decision on how to proceed with RFID. (Note - Wal-Mart is also making aggressive push to use RFID as wellsee optional reading). Material to read in writing this case: 1. HBS Case: RFID at the METRO Group, 606053-PDF-ENG. 2. The optional reading on Walmart (Measuring the Impact of RFID On Out of Stocks) 3. You can search for videos on how RFID works 4. You can search for videos of smart carts from Safeway and Amazon Go stores Your case write-up should address the following questions (please add any tables or charts to your appendix, if you do calculations using Excel). 1. Which of the three options do you recommend that Mierdorf and Wolfram propose to the RFID steering committee on December 13? Please justify your recommendations based on an ROI analysis. I. Expand the scope of the current pallet-level RFID rollout. II. Move to case-level RFID with the manufacturers currently engaged in the pallet-level rollout. III. Stop the expansion of RFID efforts and focus on traditional process improvement opportunities. 2. Identify strategic and operational benefits of RFID rollout.

3. Evaluate the costs and benefits of implementing RFID at the pallet level and at the case level. In your analysis, use the benefits listed in Exhibit 8/9 of the case and any other benefits mentioned in the case. Quantify the total savings that Metro would realize from full-scale implementation of RFID (for both pallet-level and case-level implementations). 4. If you find no compelling economic reason to pursue RFID at this time, how would your findings change the consideration of METRO's future store initiative? Please use the following assumptions in developing your ROI: 1. Evaluation period is 10 years. 2. Assume RFID will be implemented in all Extra stores (436) and 10 distribution centers. Each Extra store will need one RFID portal and two RFID readers, while distribution centers need 2 portals and 5 readers. (You don't need printers since manufacturers will put RFID tags). 3. Software cost is TWO times the cost of hardware. Annual maintenance cost is 20% of initial software cost. (these are approximations - software cost is not given in the case) 4. Assume savings from productivity will grow at 5% for the first five years. Assume shrink will continue to reduce at additional 5% each year for the first five years. (this reduction in shrink is 5% higher than previous year's reduction). 5. Assume straight-line depreciation for both hardware and software (we will assume initial software cost is fully capitalized - but in practice this may be different). The costs are fully depreciated in five years. 6. Make any appropriate assumptions for missing information. Only assume conservative values when you find different sets of assumptions.

1. The Size of the Closed City

Since each square block contains 15,000 square feet of housing and each apartment has 1500 square feet, each square block of the city has 10 households living on it. As a result, a city with a radius of x* blocks can accommodate 10x*2 households (x*2 is the area of the city in square blocks). Suppose the city has a population of 250,000 households. How big must its radius be in order to fit this population? Use a calculator and round off to the nearest block.

2. Housing Prices at the Periphery of the Closed City

Recall that the zoning law says that each developed block must contain 15,000 square feet of floor space. Suppose that the annualized cost of the building materials needed to construct this much housing is $75,000. [Note: $75,000 = iK, where K is the capital needed to build 15,000 square feet of floor space. If i= 5%, then K = $75,000/.05 = $1,500,000.] The annual profit per square block for the housing developer is equal to 15000p-75000-r, where r is land rent per square block. In equilibrium profit for the developer is just equal to zero everywhere. In the absence of any other activities, land rent at x* (call it r*) is just equal to zero. What is the value of p at x*? Call this p*.

3. The Closed City's Corn Consumption Level

Using your results from above, suppose that income per household equals y=$25,000 per year. Next suppose that the commuting cost parameter t equals $10 per block. This means that a person living ten bocks from the CBD will spend 10*10=$100 per year getting to work. The consumers' utility functions are all U(c, q), where c is the quantity of bread (at $1 per loaf) consumed by the household and q is the quantity of housing per household, i.e. 1500 sq. ft. The consumers' budget constraints are all c+pq=y-tx. Under our special assumptions this reduces to c+1500p=25000-10x. Given that a household at x* faces a budget constraint, c+1500p*=25000-10x*, what is the value of c at x*? Call this c*. Explain why in equilibrium every household, regardless of location, must be consuming c*. Notice that since q is the same throughout the city, to have an equilibrium in which U is the same throughout the city, c must be the same throughout the city and everywhere equal to c*

4. The Closed City's Housing Price Function

Substituting the value of c* in place of c into the budget constraint c+1500p=25000-10x solve for p in terms of x. The solution tells what the price per square foot must be at a given location for the household to be able to afford exactly c* worth of bread. This is the city's housing price curve. How does p vary with location?

5. The Closed City's Land Rent Function

Substitute the function for p you just calculated in (4) into the zero-profit constraint for developers: 0=15000p-75000-r. Now solve for r in terms of x. What is the rent per square block at the CBD (x=0)? Plot the bid rent function for land in the city.

The Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) play a key role in the U.S. mortgage finance system. The public mission of the GSEs is to support homeownership. In practice, this is partly achieved by the GSEs purchasing residential mortgages that are originated by banks and other financial institutions. However, the GSEs require that these mortgages must meet certain risk standards such as: "we will not purchase any mortgage with a credit score below 620."

a. Briefly explain how the GSEs influence mortgage credit supply. b. Let's assume that are a U.S.-based borrower and that you have a credit score of 621. In terms of risk, what does the credit score represent in general? C. Given your credit score of 621, it seems much more likely that your local banker will be able to originate-and-sell your mortgage to a GSE. How might this ability-to-sell affect the incentives of your local banker to evaluate potential borrowers such as yourself? Explain. d.Given your new credit score of 619, does your local banker have different incentives when it comes to evaluating your loan application? Explain.