This is the third time I am posting this in genetics and I have provided all the information that I have gotten. It is genetics but someone commented suggesting I put it into biostatistics so I will try my luck here. I need help in solving chi square. All that is typed out is the introduction and the picture is the problem that needs to be solved. If you have questions please be more specific besides stating "missing reference" because I have no reference. I have provided everything.

Purpose:

This lab will allow you to dive into inheritance patterns and crosses of one or more traits that can be done with Drosophila.Your ultimate goal in this exercise is to form a hypothesis from the data as to how these traits are passed from one generation to the next and to use statistical analysis to support or reject your hypothesis.

Introduction:

Classical genetics (also known as Mendelian or transmission genetics) is the science of determining how traits are inherited from one generation to the next.This is something we've learned early on in the semester, however, revisiting this now will test your knowledge and retention of this basic information. Information obtained from these types of experiments can also be used to map genes along chromosomes, identify knock-out or knock-in locations, understand patterns of development, etc.Drosophilaare an excellent model organism in which to study classical genetics.The most important aspects of this system are the numerous traits and mutations available for study, the short life cycle of the flies, and the number of progeny that can be obtained from a cross.

On the simulation websites you will choose the flies you want to cross for this experiment.If you wish to examine one trait (a monohybrid cross), you will use the pure breeding mutant strain of interest and cross it with wild type flies.If you wish to examine two traits (a dihybrid cross) or more, then you will cross pure breeding flies with one trait to pure breeding flies with the other trait.Some of the mutations are linked and may give weird results in real life, but may be resolved in simulations. For example:If you try to cross flies with two different eye colors (e.g. white by brown), the genetics can get very messy, as the mutations that cause these different phenotypes may have some complex interactions.You willnotbe told ahead of time how these traits are inherited (i.e. dominant vs. recessive, autosomal vs. X linked)- that is for you to determine in the simulation and confirming by running X2tests.If one of the traits you choose is X linked, a reciprocal cross will be useful.This means for the provided data they are set up with two crosses: they will differ based on which sex has which trait.You will calculate inheritance patterns based on an experimental design that has reciprocal male & female crosses for each mutant in each vial. For example, male white eyed flies crossed with female vestigial flies, and the reciprocal cross will be female white eyes crossed with male vestigial flies.It is your choice whether or not you wish to set up a reciprocal cross.However, if you do have X linked traits, you will know it from the phenotypes in the F1generation (see the examples in the "Inheritance Patterns" section that follows).

Types of Mutations

Be sure you can distinguish each trait from its wild type phenotype.You should also be aware that most flies with mutations are not as "hardy" as wild type flies and tend to die more easily during manipulation.It is recommended you treat them with great care and work as quickly as possible with them.

Inheritance patterns

You will be determining the inheritance pattern(s) for the trait(s) you are using.There are typically only four inheritance patterns relevant to this experiment: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X linked dominant and X linked recessive.However, deviations from expected values due to controls of gene expression like sex-limited traits and penetrance may also play a role with some mutations.In general, a dominant trait will show up in every generation, whereas a recessive trait will skip a generation (however there is an exception with X linked traits: see the example below).As you know autosomal traits will be evenly distributed among males and females, whereas X linked traits will be found in strange ratios between males and females.The following examples, where each parental cross begins with pure breeding flies, will walk you through what the inheritance pattern would look like for each of these four scenarios using a fictitious phenotype in the fly- purple body color (recall that the WT color is gray).Reciprocal crosses are included for X linked examples- note that no differences would be found in a reciprocal cross for an autosomal trait.All parental flies are pure breeding (homozygous), which is also what you will start your experiment with.

rosophilanotation

When recording the genotypes of the flies, you will need to use correctDrosophilanotation (and will be graded based on your ability to do so).In Mendelian notation, dominant traits are represented by capital letters and recessive traits are represented by lower case letters.Autosomal traits are symbolized by just by the letters, but X linked traits are represented by a capital X with a superscript, and the Y is also included for males.

However, withDrosophilanotation, things are different.The symbols for the mutant trait are still indicated with capital (dominant) or a small (recessive) letter(s), but the "non-mutant" or WT traits are represented by a "+" superscript following the symbol.And no distinction is made between an autosomal and X linked gene.For example, an autosomal recessive trait inDrosophilais forked bristles: it is represented by lower case letters,fb, and the wild typeallele is represented asfb+.Curly wings is an autosomal dominant trait and is always represented by an uppercase letter (Cy).If a fly has a normal, wild type (recessive) allele, the upper case letter will have a plus symbol as a superscript (Cy+).With an X linked trait, the X chromosome is never indicated, but the Y is represented by a slash. So the genotype for a homozygous recessive female for the miniature wing mutation would be represented asmm, whereas the genotype for a wild type male would bem+/.The following is a comparison of traditional Mendelian (M) andDrosophila(D) notation using the symbolsAandato denote a particular genotype:

Autosomal Recessive trait:

M=AA,Aa(both show the dominant phenotype) andaa(shows the recessive phenotype)

D=a+a+, a+a(dominant, or wild type, phenotype) andaa(recessive, or mutant, phenotype)

Autosomal Dominant trait:

M=aa(shows recessive, or normal, phenotype),AaandAA(dominant phenotype, in this case the mutant phenotype)

D=A+A+(recessive, or wild type, phenotype),A+AandAA(dominant, or mutant, phenotype)

X linked(dominant and recessive will follow the patterns described above):

M= XAXA, XAXa, XaXa, XAY, and XaY

D=a+a+, a+a, aa, a+/anda/

orA+A+, A+A, AA, A+/andA/

Virgin females

As wonderful asDrosophilaare to work with, there is one major drawback when we want to cross specific strains.Anytime they mate,Drosophilafemales can store sperm until their eggs are ready to be fertilized.So females must be isolated prior to mating to prevent sperm from an unwanted male fertilizing her eggs.This can be very frustrating, and one non-virgin female, or one unwanted male among the virgins, can ruin these long term experiments when done in the lab.In addition, usually the only time you need virgins is in the first cross.So you could go through weeks/months of work, when you were doomed from the start!

Remote Instructions: You have inherited final lab cross numbers from a research group that has been overwhelmed with young children at home during a global pandemic. You've been kind enough to offer help with data analysis before the end of the semester. The crosses below were started by pure mutant x wild type (mutant 1 x mutant 2 in double mutation situations) and then the F1 were crossed producing the F2. As part of your volunteering you have F2 data from 5 fly crosses in the tables below. You will notice that within each of these crosses there were two experimental runs each (Vial 1 and Vial 2)_for each of the reciprocal crosses (designated as a for one P cross and b for the reciprocal P cross) to test whether the inherited cross is sex-linked. Select two mutations/crosses of your choice from the list below (at least one of the crosses must be a double mutation cross) and answer the following questions: . What is the predicted mode of inheritance (dominant/recessive) for each mutation? . Is the mutation sex-linked or autosomal? . Do both vials follow this mode of inheritance based on your X2 calculations? Keep these notes to assist with the associated homework questions Bar eye shape 4 Bar shaped eyes X White colored eyes: WT o' x Bar ? Bar d' x White F2 (B) F2 (WT) F2 (B & 53 d' / 49 9 14 0 / 15 9 Vial 1a F2 (B) F2 (WT) F2 (W) W) 22 d' / 33 9 12 of' / 23 9 Vial 2a 23 d' / 20 36 9 / 17 o' 15 9 / 60' 10 0 /0 9 Vial 1a WT 9 x Bar d 25 9 / 30 F2 (B) F2 (WT) 42 9 / 20 of 10 9 /7 0' 8 9 / 10 Vial 2a 46 d' / 44 9 13 0' / 14 9 Vial 1b 33 d' / 32 9 20 0' / 23 9 Vial 2b Bar ? x White o F2 (B & 2 Sepia eye color x Bar eye shape F2 (B) F2 (WT) F2 (W) W) Sepia d' x Bar 12 0' / 5 36 d' / 35 F2 (WT) F2 (S) F2 (B) F2 (S & B) 38 d' / 40 9 13 d' /8 9 Vial 1b 50 /2 12 d' / 10 15 0' / 12 42 0' / 36 36 9 / 19 0' 13 9 /60 70 /69 Vial 1a 33 0' / 35 ? O Vial 2b 10 9 / 10 35 9 / 30 d' 19 /1 0 5 d' Vial 2a 5 Sepia eye color WT o' x Sepia 9 Sepia 9 x Bar d F2 (WT) F2 (S) F2 (WT) F2 (S) F2 (B) F2 (S & B) 53 d' / 49 9 14 0 / 15 9 Vial 1a 12 0' / 8 22 0' / 33 9 12 d' / 23 9 Vial 2a 26 d' / 20 9 17 d' 6 d Vial 1b 20 /0 WT 9 x Sepia d 33 d' / 40 9 30 /29 30 /59 Vial 2b F2 (WT) F2 (S) 46 d' /44 9 13 0' / 14 9 Vial 1b 2 White eye color 33 d' / 32 9 20 d' / 23 9 Vial 2b P: WT o' x White ? F2 (WT) F2 (W) 21 0' / 20 9 19 0' / 20 9 Vial 1a 19 0' / 30 9 20 8 Vial 2a P: WT 9 x White o' F2 (WT) F2 (W 22 0' / 37 9 22 d' Vial 1b 22 0' / 20 9 12 0' / 8 9 Vial 2b