This question constitutes three independent scenarios. SWEETS CAKES (PTY) LTD Sweets Cakes (Pty) Ltd bake wedding cakes for customers. The following information was obtained for the month of December 2020: R Opening balance - Work-in-Progress 10 000 Opening balance - Direct materials 6 500 Direct materials purchased during Dec 2020 18 800 Costs of direct materials required by the individual cakes during the month were as follows: R Cake for Jacques 4 900 Cake for Rosina 4 650 Cake for Elizabeth 3 950 The direct wages for the month (all paid in cash) were as follows: Cake for Jacques 80 labour hours @ R20 per hour Cake for Rosina 120 labour hours @ R22 per hour Cake for Elizabeth 80 labour hours @ R24 per hour Additional information: 1. Cake for Jacques and Cake for Rosina were started in December 2020. 2. Cake for Elizabeth was started during November 2020. 3. Cake for Rosina was completed during December 2020 and Rosina was invoiced for R12 000 4. A pre-determined manufacturing overhead allocation rate is R5 per direct labour hour. 5. Actual manufacturing overheads for December 2020 were R2 000. CLEAN AND SPOTLESS (PTY) LTD Clean and Spotless (Pty) Ltd operates a plant that produces four different liquid cleaning soaps, namely Dishwasher, Pine cleaner, Hand soap and Citrus cleaner, from the input of one type of raw material and water. Budgeted information for the forthcoming 2022 financial year is as follows: Product Type Output in litres Total sales value Dishwasher Pine cleaner Further processing costs (R) 180 000 172 500 0 15 000 (R) 864 000 321 750 63 675 476 475 450 000 127 500 9 000 16 000 Hand soap Citrus cleaner Joint costs for the 2022 financial year are budgeted to consist of the following: Raw material costs R375 000 Initial processing costs R591 000 Selling costs amount to R0,30 per unit for all soap types irrespective of whether a soap is sold at split- off point or after further processing. The company policy is to apportion joint costs at the split-off point based on the net realisable value (NRV) at split-off point method. Currently, the intention is to sell Hand soap without further processing but to process the other three soaps further after the split-off point. However, it was proposed that an alternative strategy would be to sell all four liquid cleaning soaps at the split-off point without further processing. If the proposed alternative strategy was to be adopted, the selling prices per unit obtainable would be as follows: Product Selling price per unit Dishwasher R 1,50 Pine cleaner R 2,40 Hand soap R 9,00 Citrus cleaner R30,00 MARY'S PRODUCTS (PTY) LTD The following statement summarises some of the standard costing variances of one of Mary's Products for January 2022: Selling price variance R11 985 (unfavourable) Unfavourable Favourable Some cost variances: R R Direct material price 2 500 Direct labour rate 500 Direct labour efficiency 400 Variable manufacturing overhead expenditure 1 500 Fixed manufacturing overhead expenditure 600 The budget for the same period contained the following data: Sales volume 5 000 units Sales revenue R50 000 Production volume 5 000 units Direct materials purchased and used 1 600 kg Direct material costs R10 000 Direct labour hours 2 400 Direct labour costs R10 000 Variable manufacturing overheads R4 100 Fixed manufacturing overheads R10 000 Additional information: Inventories of direct materials and finished goods are valued at standard cost. During the month the actual number of units produced and sold were 5 100. The total actual direct materials purchased and used for the month were 2 000 kg. Variable manufacturing overheads varies with production volume. The company has not budgeted to hold any opening and closing of inventory. . In respect of Clean and Spotless (Pty) Ltd: (e) Calculate the budgeted profit or loss for Pine cleaner and Citrus cleaner if the current intention is proceeded with and joint costs are apportioned using the NRV at split-off point method. (f) Calculate the budgeted total costs associated with Hand soap if the alternative strategy is used and the NRV at split-off point is still used to allocate joint costs. (g) List three characteristics of a by-product. (10) (2) (3) In respect of Mary's Products (Pty) Ltd: (h) Calculate the following: () The actual selling price per unit. (ii) The actual price per kilogram of materials. The total actual direct material costs. (iv) The actual direct labour hours. (v) The actual direct labour costs. (vi) The actual variable manufacturing overheads. (vii) The actual fixed manufacturing overheads. (2) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (1) () (6) List the possible causes of the direct materials usage variance, direct labour rate variance and sales volume variance