This year, country E held politically sensitive parliamentary elections and the government of the incumbent ruling party temporarily increased public expenditure to enhance its popularity. The government financed the additional expenditure by getting the country's central bank to print money to finance the additional expenditure. Assuming that P, P*, Y*, and T were exogenously given, what kind of impact must this policy have had on the real income and interest rate in country E?

a) Both real income and interest rate must have declined

b) Real income must have declined and interest rate must have risen

c) Real income must have risen and interest rate must have declined

d) Both real income and interest rate must have risen

e) Real income must have risen, but the impact on interest rate would depend on other factors