This year Lloyd, a single taxpayer, estimates that his tax liability will be $$11,200.$ Last year, his total tax liability was $$15,800.$

He estimates that his tax withholding from his employer will be $$8,560.$

Required:

How much does Lloyd need to increase his withholding by $($for the year$),$ in order to avoid the underpayment penalty?

Assuming Lloyd does not make any additional payments, what is the amount of his underpayment penalty? Assume the federal short$-$term rate is $5$ percent.