Title: "Demographic Differences in the Impact of the Pandemic"

A brief Introduction in what you're going to talk about?

"Did the pandemic have a differential effect on the employment rate of males and females in the months of January/April 2020? Is there a difference in the rate at which employment has recovered for the two groups?"

Explain Figure 1: Describe what is happening in this graph.

Introduction The Mincer earnings function describes how education and experience impact wages. From class, we know educational attainment is positively correlated with earnings and much of the evidence supports the human capital accumulation model, that is, people actually learn something in school (L#15, L#16). We did not discuss how experience impacts wages in as much detail, but experience is also positively correlated with earning because more time on the job increases productivity, thus wages. In this report, I try to understand how the returns to education and experience differ by gender and have changed over time. To answer this question, I use data on wages and demographic characteristics for workers aged 21 to 64 from the Current Population Survey from 1964 to 2023 provided by IPUMS (Flood et al. 2023). I construct the number of years of schooling from the IPUMS variable EDUC and use that to calculate the number of years of experience. More specifically, the number of years of experience is age minus years of education minus six. Finally, I regress wages on years of education, years of experience, and years of experience squared for men and women separately in each year. The coefficients on education and experience represent the rates of return. Relationship between Education and Wages over Time First, I investigate how the rate of return to schooling has changed over time for men and women. Figure 1 plots the rate of return over Figure 1: Trends in the Rate of Return to time by gender. Across all years, from 1964 School to 2023, the rate of return to education is higher for women than men, meaning women Trends in the Rate of Return to School benefit more than men from an additional year of education. One reason for this finding is Starting in 1980, the rate of return to schooling has been increasing 1960 1970 1980 1890 2000 2010 2020 steadily. Today the rate of return is around 13 Year percent, meaning all else constant, each Man Woman additional year of education increases wages by 13 percent. Page 1 of 3Relationship between Experience and Wages over Time Second, I investigate how the rate of return to 10 years of experience has changed over time for men and women. Figure 2 plots the rate of Figure 2: Trends in Rate of Return to 10 return over time by gender. Across all years, Years of Experience from 1964 to 2023, the rate of return to experience is higher for men than women, Trends in the Rate of Return to Experience which contrasts the rate of return to schooling. Men have seen a relatively stable returns to experience over time, hovering around 3 to 4 percent, whereas women have seen a sharp increase starting in the 1980s. The returns to experience have more than Reto of Return doubled for women over this time. One potential explanation of this finding is explanation with citation.> S 19ED 1970 1980 1950 2010 2020 Year Man Women Conclusion In summary, there has been an increase in returns to education and experience, especially among women. In general, the returns to education are higher than the returns to experience, meaning that education is a stronger predictor of wages than experience. One reason for this finding could be The returns to education and experience reflect the underlying wage distribution and highlight how inequality has evolved over time. References Flood, Sarah, Miriam King, Renae Rodgers, Steven Ruggles, J. Robert Warren, Daniel Backman, Annie Chen, Grace Cooper, Stephanie Richards, Megan Schouweiler, and Michael Westberry. IPUMS CPS: Version 11.0 [dataset]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS, 2023. https://doi.org/10.18128/D030.V11.0. Multiple Choice Quiz Questions Below are the two multiple choice questions with the correct answer in bold. 1. From 1964 to 2023, returns to experience have more than doubled for A. everyone B. men C. women2. Which of the following statements is true? A. Returns to education declined in the 1970s for both men and women. B. Returns to education are relatively flat over time for men. C. Returns to experience have increased drastically for men. D. Returns to experience are relatively flat for women.Employment - Population Ratio Of Men And Women 0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 Rate of Employment 0.6 055 0.5 0.45 0.4 Jan-18 Apr-18 Jan-19 Apr-19 Jan-20 Apr-20 Jan-21 Apr-21 Jan-22 Apr-22 Jan-23 Apr-23 Jan-24 Years female