Title Steel columns are to have end conditions as shown in Figure 18.4a through d. Calculate, for each... Description Steel columns are to have end conditions as shown in Figure 18.4a through d. Calculate, for each case, the minimum slenderness ratio for the application of Euler's formula. The proportional limit of the material is 40 ksi. Figure 18.4a PP Effective Effective Effective length L= Actual length length (KL column length Effective (KL) (KL) =0.7L LOL =057 length (KZ)=2.0L (a) Pinned (b) Fixed (c) Fixed Pinned (d) Fixed Free (flagpole)