1. To conduct a "stop-and-frisk," police must have _______ that criminal activity is afoot. clear and convincing evidence a preponderance of evidence reasonable suspicion probable cause 2. The purpose of a "frisk" is to allow police to make a limited pat-down search for _________. weapons contraband identification papers none of these 3. The deprivation of a person's liberty by someone with legal authority is termed a (an) ______. capias intervention arrest false imprisonment 4. An arrest by a private individual is termed a _____________. citizen's arrest common-law arrest substitute judgment bystander's discretion 5. In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court held that police must advise suspects of their right to _________ before subjecting them to custodial interrogation. have counsel present during questioning obtain witnesses in their defense remain silent during questioning both remain silent and have counsel present during questioning. 6. Even though police have provided a suspect the Miranda warnings, the suspect's confession may not be used as evidence unless it is _______________. voluntary reasonable retracted necessary to support a conviction 7. Which of the following is authorized to issue an arrest warrant? A magistrate A prosecutor A senior police officer None of these 8. In determining whether a defendant's confession was voluntary, courts typically consider such factors as ________________. the defendant's physical and psychological state the length of time between arrest and the defendant's appearance in court the attitudes of the police toward the defendant All of these 9. Which of the following identification procedures have been upheld by the courts? lineups fingerprinting taking handwriting samples All of these 10. In developing "drug courier profiles," police have included ____________ as being typical of drug smugglers. not checking luggage paying cash for tickets appearing nervous all of these 11. To establish probable cause to make an arrest, a police officer can consider _____________. statements by witnesses to a crime official reports tips from confidential informants all of these 12. The Supreme Court has held that a suspect has a right to counsel at a lineup conducted ____. before arrest after arrest but before indictment after formal charges have been made against a defendant in none of these instances 13. For a police officer to make an arrest he or she must have ___________. a reasonable idea that a wrong has been committed probable cause to believe an individual has committed an offense a "hunch" that an individual may have committed an offense a suspicion that an individual may have violated the law 14. The process by which police take an eyewitness to the crime scene to view a suspect shortly after an offense has been committed is called a ____________. showup lineup photo pack display polygraph examination 15. Which of the following is least likely to lead to suppression of a suspect's confession? The use of factual misstatements by police concerning what they know about a crime. Promises of leniency to induce a suspect to confess. Furnishing incorrect information on penalties for a crime relevant to a suspect's interrogation. The use of physical force by police against a suspect being interrogated. 16. In Whren v. United States (1996) the Supreme Court ruled that _________________. the test of whether police properly stopped a motor vehicle is whether a reasonable officer would have stopped the vehicle based on the driver having committed a traffic infraction officers' motives in stopping an automobile are irrelevant if there is an objective basis for the stop police may stop any vehicle to search for drugs if the vehicle is in an area where drug trafficking has recently occurred investigatory stops of vehicles may be made based solely on anonymous tips received by police 17. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? The Supreme Court has upheld the use of roadblocks by police to conduct field sobriety tests. A police officer's right to conduct an investigatory detention does not necessarily allow police to conduct a frisk of an individual. A frisk by a police officer must be based on reasonable suspicion that the suspect is armed. A frisk by a police officer allows a pat-down of a person's clothes to search for contraband. 18. Which one of the following statements is INCORRECT? The Supreme Court has said that police may use deadly force to apprehend a fleeing suspect, even if that person has only committed a misdemeanor. A seizure, for Fourth Amendment purposes, occurs when a police officer, "by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen." Because arrest and interrogation are serious intrusions into the privacy of the individual, both are subject to constitutional restraints. Because an arrest constitutes a seizure, arrests are governed by the probable cause and warrant provisions of the Fourth Amendment. 19. As the 1995 O. J. Simpson murder trial demonstrates, defense lawyers can attack the methodology of ______________ as well as the qualifications of those administering them. lineups field sobriety tests DNA tests lie detector tests 20. In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1993), the Supreme Court held that the ___________ govern(s) the admissibility of scientific evidence in the federal courts. Federal Rules of Evidence Eighth Amendment decision in Frye v. United States (D.C. Cir. 1923) Scientific Evidence Act of 1992