to estimate future results. Analysts across companies use realized stock returns to estimate the risk of a stock. Consider the case of Happy Dog Soap Inc. (HDS): Five years of realized returns for HDS are given in the following table. Remember: 1. While HDS was started 40 years ago, its common stock has been publicly traded for the past 25 years. 2. The returns on its equity are calculated as arithmetic returns. 3. The historical returns for HDS for 2012 to 2015 are: 2012 10.00% 2013 6.80% 2014 12.00% 2015 16.80% 2016 5.20% Stock return Given the preceding data, the average realized return on HDS's stock is 10.16% of HDS's historical returns. Based on this conclusion, the The preceding data series represents standard deviation of HDS's historical returns is If investors expect the average realized return from 2012 to 2016 on HDS's stock to continue into the future, its coefficient of variation (CV) will be