To what extent does the production possibilities curve model accurately represent the scarcity faced by less developed countries in the world today?

The respondent, Kenneth Donaldson, was civilly committed to confinement as a mental patient in the Florida State Hospital at Chattahoochee in January 1957. He was kept in custody there against his will for nearly 15 years. The petitioner, Dr. J. B. O'Connor, was the hospital's superintendent during most of this period.

565

*565Throughout his confinement Donaldson repeatedly, but unsuccessfully, demanded his release, claiming that he was dangerous to no one, that he was not mentally ill, and that, at any rate, the hospital was not providing treatment for his supposed illness. Finally, in February 1971, Donaldson brought this lawsuit under 42 U. S. C. 1983, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida, alleging that O'Connor, and other members of the hospital staff named as defendants, had intentionally and maliciously deprived him of his constitutional right to liberty.^[1]After a four-day trial, the jury returned a verdict assessing both compensatory and punitive damages against O'Connor and a codefendant. The Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the judgment, 493 F. 2d 507. We granted O'Connor's petition for certiorari, 419 U. S. 894, because of the important constitutional questions seemingly presented.

Question 1

What is the advantage of intermittent self-catheterization over an

indwelling catheter? How is bladder training done while on an

indwelling catheter?

Question 2

Kindly tell me about the role of pulse wave velocity (PWV) in early

diagnosis of arteriosclerosis. How is it useful in cardiac, diabetic and

renal medicine?

Question 3

You say that no convincing evidence was found that chronic

hyperuricaemia causes nephropathy and nor can it be corrected by

allopurinol. However, some patients we see have high serum uric

acid and creatinine, which both come down with allopurinol. Please

comment.

Question 4

Can aspirin cause analgesic nephropathy? If yes, then how could we

justify its use in primary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD),

even in high-risk patients? I have read that regular use of analgesics for

3 years could cause analgesic nephropathy.

Question 5

What is the probability that a patient on a moderate daily dose of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; ibuprofen 800 mg once daily

for tension headache) will develop analgesic nephropathy?

Question 6

Do daily doses of paracetamol with the dosage range of 1 g/day cause

analgesic nephropathy. If so, after what length of time?

Question 7

Allopurinol is used for the treatment of uric acid stones; it is also one

of the aetiologies of renal calculi. Could you please explain its actual

effect.

Question 8

Why should we avoid angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

as hypertensive therapy in the presence of renal artery stenoses? How

can they lead to acute renal failure? What else can we prescribe for this

patient to regulate the hypertension?

Question 9

Is the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

contraindicated in cases of unilateral renal artery stenosis?

Question 10

1. How effective is renal duplex in detecting renal artery

stenosis?

2. Is magnetic resonance angiograp11