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Today is the end of the year (year 0) and Kappa Co is preparing for an initial public offering. This years (year 0) sales were
Today is the end of the year (year 0) and Kappa Co is preparing for an initial public offering. This years (year 0) sales were $2.3 million. Kappa expects its sales to be $2.5 million in the first year (year 1). Kappas sales are expected to increase by $0.2 million in year 2. After year 2, Kappas free cash flows are expected to increase by 1% in perpetuity. Kappa's EBIT margin is expected to stay constant at 35%. Kappa's existing net plant, property, and equipment at the end of year 0 is $1 million and will be depreciated to zero over the next four years, using the straight-line method. At the end of each year, Kappa will spend 10% of its sales as capital expenditures. Capital expenditures will start depreciating in the following year. For example, depreciation expenses for capital expenditures made at the end of year 1 will start in year 2. Year 0s capital expenditures are included as part of net PP&E already. Capital expenditures will be depreciated to zero over five years, using the straight-line method. Kappa requires working capital that is 15% of sales. Kappa has 2 million shares outstanding, which are trading at $1 per share in the OTC markets, prior to the IPO. The market value of Kappa's debt is $1 million. Kappa's before-tax cost of debt is 7%, the risk-free rate is 3%, and the expected market return is 10%, and the unlevered beta for comparable firms is 1.1. The tax rate is 30%. Assume all cash flows occur at the end of the year. What is the fair value of Kappa's shares as of today, according to the DCF method
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