Torres-Porras supported his hypothesis. There were 3 major demographic differences that he found between the fenced and unfenced estates. There were a greater proportion of males in fenced estates compared to unfenced estates. When considering just the males in each population, there were a greater proportion of young males in unfenced estates compared to fenced estates. The males in fenced estates had larger antlers on average compared to males in unfenced estates. Scientists communicate their research by publishing papers in scientific journals. These journals are known as primary literature. A scientist will submit a paper to the journal, and other scientists will decide if the research meets the high standards necessary for publication. When Torres-Porras published his research, he needed to make the best possible graphs to represent the results from his study