Tristan, age 64, retired and began receiving retirement benefits on January 1, 2019. The benefits will be paid for the joint lives of Tristan and his wife, Carmen, age 67. Tristan had $31,000 in after-tax contributions to his qualified plan and had received no distributions prior to retirement. How much will Tristan and Carmen be able to exclude from the annuity payments?

$0 $100 $119 $148