True or false: Selection bias is not a source of error in cohort studies.

True or false: A cohort study is an example of an experimental study.

True or false: An incidence rate ratio of 0.4 means the rate of disease is 150% greater in the unexposed group compared to the exposed group.

True or false: An incidence rate difference of -0.04 cases per person-year means the risk of disease in the exposed is 4% less than the risk of disease in the unexposed.

True or false: Randomization is one of the primary advantages of cohort studies.

True or false: An incidence rate difference of zero means there are no cases of disease in the study population.

True or false: An exposure E that always results in the occurrence of disease D in the presence of any other exposure must be a sufficient cause of D.

True or false: Increasing risk of disease with increasing level or duration of exposure is a necessary criterion for causation.

True or false: Biological plausibility and compatibility with existing knowledge of an exposure's effect on disease occurrence are necessary criteria for causation.

True or false: Disease risks and rates are examples of measures that could be used to estimate the strength of causal exposure-outcome associations.

True or False: If physical inactivity increases the risk of hypertension and hypertension increases the risk of coronary heart disease, then hypertension confounds the association between physical inactivity and coronary heart disease.

True or false: If sibling age is associated with increased risk of Down syndrome, then sibling age confounds the association between birth order and Down syndrome.

True or false: If maternal age increases the risk of Down syndrome, then maternal age confounds the association between birth order and Down syndrome.

True or false: A randomized clinical trial (RCT) with 1000 participants at baseline is necessarily more valid than a cohort study of the same sample size.

True or false: A cohort study with 50% loss to follow-up in the exposed group and 50% loss in the unexposed group would necessarily be less valid than an RCT with the same loss to follow-up.