Under the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct, independence would be impaired in which of the following situations?

a.

A covered member has a direct financial interest in the client.

b.

A covered member has an immaterial indirect financial interest in the client.

c.

A covered member has no commitments to acquire a financial interest in a client.

d.

A covered member is the executor of an estate containing securities of the client but has no authority to make investment decisions for the estate.