Urban Solar (US) has the opportunity to invest $2.15 million now (t = 0) and expects after- tax cash flow of $1,500,000 in t = 1 and $1,800,000 in t = 2. The project will last for two years only. The opportunity cost of capital is 15% with all-equity financing, the borrowing rate is 7%, and US will borrow $1.8 million against the project. This debt must be repaid in two equal installments of $900,000 each. Assume the tax rate is 21%.

1. Calculate the base case NPV of this project.

2. What is the interest tax shield each year?

3. CalculatetheprojectsAPV.

4. If the firm incurs issue costs of $150,000 to raise the $1.8 million of required equity, what will

   be the APV?