use: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/discharge-lamps/latest/discharge-lamps.html?simulation=discharge-lamps

Discussion questions '1. Comparing the number of photons in Experiment 1, 2, and 3, a. describe the relation between the number of photons and the applied voltage. b. explain the reason behind the observed relation. 2. Comparing the direction of photons in Experiment 1, 2, and 3. did you observe any pattern? If there is a pattern, describe the pattern. If there is no pattern, state so. Submitting your Report Submit the following as your lab report: - Total of three screenshots (one screenshot from each experiment) - Total of three tables (one table from each experiment) - Your answers for the discussion questions Tutorial 1. Open https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/discharge-lamps/latest/discharge-lamps.html?simulation=discharge-lamps @ from PhET. 2. It opens the following simulation. Neon Lights & Other Discharge Lamps (1.13) File Options Help One Atom \\Multiple Atoms Legend Atom 23.00 V Electron Photon Electron Production Single O Continuous Fire electron B Atom Type Hydrogen - 2 Atom Vacuum tube Energy (OV) 2 0 Ground state Options Spectrometer Squiggles Run in slow motion A. Battery: This is used to accelerate an electron in the vacuum tube. B. Fire electron: It heats up the filament, causing an electron to be ejected from the left plate by thermionic emission. C. Atom: You can choose different atoms from the pull-down menu. D. Energy levels: It shows the energy levels of the atom. E. Options: You can check to display spectrometer, animate the energy transition, and slow down the simulation.3. From the pull-down menu, choose "configurable". Neon Lights & Other Discharge Lamps (1.13) File Options Help One Atom Multiple Atoms PIET Legend Atom 2300 V Electror Photon Electron Production Atom Type Single O Continuous Fire electron Hydrogen configurable 20209009 Energy (OV 2 0 Ground state Options Spectrometer Squiggles Run in slow motion 4. It changes the energy levels of the atom in the right panel. Since this is an artificially configurable atom, you can change the energy levels and the number of energy levels as you like. You can click and hold the energy level with your mouse to change the energy level. Neon Lights & Other Discharge Lamps (1.13) Tile Options Help One Atom Multiple Atoms Legend Atom 23.00 V Electr Photo Electron Production Atom Type Atom Type Single O Continuous Fire electron Configurable Configurable Click and hold 20202020 y move -2 Energy (Ov Energy (OV) 20 of levels 29 # of levels 1 Options Spectrometer5. Change "# of levels" to 3. Now you have three different energy levels labelled 1, 2, and 3. . The small sphere in level 1 is an electron in the ground level (K shell or n = 1 orbital) of this artificial atom. . Level 2 (L shell or n = 2 orbital) and Level 3 (M shell or n = 3 orbital) are vacant, meaning there is no electron in Level 2 or Level 3. Neon Lights & Other Disc e Lamps (1.13) File Options Help One Atom Multiple Atoms Legend Atom 23.00 V Election Photo Electron Production Atom Type Single O Continuous Fine election Configurable - 1 Level 3 209090.09 - 0 Level 2 woo level ! Electron in ground level of levels 15 Options Spectrometer Squiggles 3 Duin in slow mation 6. Click "Fire electron" once. This will emit an electron from the left plate. The emitted electron is accelerated by the voltage (battery) that is applied between the left and right plate, and it speeds up toward the artificial atom in the middle. Neon Lights & Other Discharge Lamps (1.13) File Options Help One Atom Multiple Atoms Legend Atom 23.00 V Electron Photo Electron Production Atom Type Single O Continuous Fire electron Configurable Energy at cellisien Click atom emitted electronemitted electron Energy (:V # of levels 3 Options Spectrometer ) Squiggles 7. When the emitted electron from the left plate collides with the atom in the middle, the following process could happen: 1. The incoming electron transfers some of its kinetic energy to the ground level electron in the artificial atom. 2. Upon receiving energy, the ground level electron goes up to a higher energy level. This leaves the ground level vacant. 3. The electron in the higher energy level goes down to a lower energy level. This process is represented by a squiggly arrow in the right panel. 4. A photon will be emitted from the artificial atom as the electron in the higher energy level goes down to a lower energy level. This is represented by a particle coming out of the artificial atom. Emitted photons will have different colors and textures from an electron. Neon Lights & Other Discharge Lamps (1.13) Zile Options Help One Atom Multiple Atoms Legend Atom 23.00 V Electron Photon Electron Production Atom Type Single O Contnuous Fire election Configurable callan emitted photon Transition between 2090 levels that corresponds to the emitted photon . Energy (OV) # of levels 3 Options Spectrometer Squiggleses Lab Activity Overview In this lab, we are going to investigate the process of X-ray production. The simulator we are going to use is labelled "Neon lamp and other discharge lamps". and it is not exactly the same as X-ray production. However, this simulator almost mimics the process of X-ray production, except for a few minor details. so we will pretend that this simulator is for X-ray production.The minor differences will be explained later. XAray is produced by bombarding a target material (in the simulator. it is an articial atom) by highAenergy electrons, which involves the following three steps as described in the "X-ray production" Module page: Production of Xray has following steps: 1. Eject electrons from a metal 2. Accelerate the ejected electrons with high voltage 3. Bombard a target material with the high energy electrons When you click the "Fire electron" button, you can see the lament and the plate glow momentarily, and an electron is emitted from the plate. This is the thermionic emission of electrons, and this corresponds to the process #1 above. Once the electron in emitted, it is accelerated by the electrical potential (battery in the simulator) applied between the two plates. You can see the electron speeds up as it travels toward the atom in the middle. This corresponds to the process #2 above. Since the electron speeds up, its kinetic energy increases. When the electron collides with the articial atom in the middle, X-ray is produced. This corresponds to the process #3 above. X-ray is produced by either one of the following two processes: - bremsstrahlung - characteristic X-ray In this simulation, we are only dealing with the X-ray production due to characteristic X-ray. Characteristic X-ray is produced when an electron in a higher orbital moves down to a lower orbital. - In the simulator, this is accomplished by moving the ground level electron to a vacant higher energy level. Once the ground level electron is moved up, it creates a vacant ground level. The electron that was moved up to the higher energy level comes back to the ground level. This is described in the step 7 of the tutorial above. - In the actual process of characteristic X-ray, it is slightly different. Unlike the simulator, the higher energy levels are not vacant. So, instead of moving the ground level electron to a higher energy level, the bombarding electron completely knocks otf the ground level electron out of the atom. hence creating a vacant ground level. Now, one of the electrons that are already present in the atom will fall to the vacant ground level. Even though the details of the process are a little different in the simulator. the general idea remains the same: a photon is emitted when an electron in a higher energy level goes down to a lower energy level. For the lab activity, you will investigate the differences in the photon emissions as you change the energy of the bombarding electron. Lab activity instruction You will be ring an electron 10 times in each experiment below (three experiments in total). You will be recording the number and direction of emitted photonis) each me you re an electron. You will be answering discussion questions based on your recordings in the three experiments. Experiment 1 1. Set the voltage on the battery so that the energy of the accelerated electron is between level 2 and 3, as shown in the gure below. You can slide or type in a number. It does not need to be exactly the same as the gure below as long as the level indicated by the red arrow is between level 2 and 3. - Em PI\" Ill. 3 any: 0 cmmn 1......\" 'i 2. Take a screenshot. 3. Click "Fire electron" once and observe and record the following: A. The number of emitted photons B. The direction of emitted photons (right, left, up, down. up-right, up-lel't, etc.) 4. Repeat step 3 until you re electron 10 times in total. (Make sure to click on "Fire electron" once and observeAand B. Do not click on " Fire electron" again before observing A and B.) 5. Summarize your observation in a tabular format. Experiment 2 Change the voltage value on the battery so that the energy of the accelerated electron is above level 3, as shown in the gure below, and repeat the step 2 through 5 in Experiment 1L Experiment 3 Change the voltage on the battery so that the energy of the accelerated electron is lower than the level 2, as shown in the gure below, and repeat the step 2 through 5 in Experiment 1