Use technology to find the test statistic for a test of independence, chi squared. The formula for the test statistic is shown below, where O is the observed frequency in a cell and E is the expected frequency found by multiplying the row total by the column total and dividing by the grand total. chi squared equals Summation from nothing to nothing StartFraction left parenthesis Upper O minus Upper E right parenthesis squared Over Upper E EndFraction Upper E equals StartFraction left parenthesis row total right parenthesis left parenthesis column total right parenthesis Over left parenthesis grand total right parenthesis EndFraction