Use the article (https://www.nber.org/reporter/2019number1/do-government-grants-charities-crowd-private-donations-out-or) to answer the following:

1. explain how government grants may crowd out fundraising by charities and private donations in the U.S. and UK

2. Define the concept of "crowding in" as it applies to charitable donations by organizations and individuals

3. Explain the evidence of crowding in for the U.S. and UK