Use the file treesoil.csv that is available below. This dataset contains categorical data on the species of 464 trees (big leaf maple, Douglas fir, red alder, western hemlock, and western redcedar) and the soil type in which each tree is grown (clay, loam, sand, and silt).

The data below is treesoil.csv:

Tree	Soil
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	clay
red alder	silt
western hemlock	sand
western redcedar	clay
Douglas fir	loam
western redcedar	loam
red alder	clay
big leaf maple	sand
western hemlock	loam
western hemlock	loam
big leaf maple	silt
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	silt
red alder	silt
red alder	loam
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	clay
big leaf maple	sand
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	clay
big leaf maple	clay
western hemlock	loam
red alder	sand
western redcedar	silt
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	loam
western hemlock	clay
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	silt
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	clay
western redcedar	clay
western hemlock	sand
western redcedar	loam
western hemlock	silt
big leaf maple	loam
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	sand
big leaf maple	silt
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	silt
western hemlock	silt
western hemlock	clay
western hemlock	loam
red alder	clay
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	silt
western hemlock	loam
western hemlock	silt
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	silt
western redcedar	clay
big leaf maple	clay
Douglas fir	sand
big leaf maple	silt
Douglas fir	silt
western hemlock	silt
Douglas fir	loam
red alder	loam
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	clay
red alder	clay
Douglas fir	silt
western hemlock	loam
western hemlock	loam
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	silt
western hemlock	silt
western hemlock	clay
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	sand
western redcedar	clay
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	clay
big leaf maple	sand
western hemlock	loam
red alder	loam
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	loam
big leaf maple	clay
Douglas fir	clay
big leaf maple	silt
Douglas fir	loam
western redcedar	sand
western hemlock	loam
western hemlock	clay
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	clay
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	clay
western hemlock	clay
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	loam
big leaf maple	loam
western hemlock	silt
western hemlock	clay
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	clay
western hemlock	silt
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	silt
western hemlock	silt
western redcedar	loam
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	clay
big leaf maple	clay
Douglas fir	clay
western redcedar	clay
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	clay
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	silt
western hemlock	loam
western redcedar	sand
western hemlock	silt
Douglas fir	loam
western redcedar	clay
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	sand
western hemlock	silt
western redcedar	loam
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	silt
big leaf maple	loam
big leaf maple	loam
western hemlock	clay
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	loam
red alder	clay
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	silt
western redcedar	loam
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	silt
big leaf maple	loam
western hemlock	sand
big leaf maple	sand
western hemlock	sand
western hemlock	clay
Douglas fir	silt
western redcedar	silt
western hemlock	clay
western redcedar	clay
Douglas fir	clay
big leaf maple	clay
Douglas fir	loam
red alder	sand
Douglas fir	loam
western redcedar	clay
western hemlock	clay
western hemlock	clay
Douglas fir	clay
western hemlock	clay
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	loam
western redcedar	sand
big leaf maple	sand
Douglas fir	silt
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	sand
western redcedar	clay
Douglas fir	clay
western hemlock	loam
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	clay
western hemlock	silt
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	silt
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	loam
big leaf maple	clay
Douglas fir	silt
big leaf maple	silt
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	loam
big leaf maple	clay
western hemlock	silt
big leaf maple	sand
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	clay
western hemlock	silt
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	sand
big leaf maple	clay
Douglas fir	clay
western hemlock	silt
western redcedar	loam
western hemlock	silt
Douglas fir	loam
red alder	loam
western hemlock	loam
big leaf maple	sand
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	loam
western redcedar	silt
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	loam
western hemlock	clay
Douglas fir	loam
big leaf maple	sand
Douglas fir	silt
western redcedar	loam
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	silt
western hemlock	loam
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	sand
western redcedar	silt
Douglas fir	sand
western redcedar	clay
Douglas fir	silt
western hemlock	silt
western redcedar	sand
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	silt
Douglas fir	clay
western hemlock	sand
big leaf maple	clay
western hemlock	loam
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	clay
western hemlock	sand
western hemlock	loam
red alder	sand
big leaf maple	silt
western redcedar	loam
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	clay
western hemlock	silt
western redcedar	sand
western hemlock	silt
western hemlock	sand
big leaf maple	sand
Douglas fir	loam
western redcedar	sand
red alder	loam
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	silt
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	loam
red alder	clay
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	clay
western hemlock	clay
western hemlock	silt
western hemlock	clay
Douglas fir	silt
big leaf maple	clay
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	clay
western redcedar	clay
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	silt
western hemlock	silt
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	clay
big leaf maple	clay
western hemlock	sand
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	sand
red alder	clay
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	loam
red alder	loam
western hemlock	silt
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	loam
western hemlock	sand
big leaf maple	loam
western hemlock	loam
western hemlock	silt
Douglas fir	silt
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	loam
western redcedar	loam
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	clay
western hemlock	loam
western redcedar	loam
big leaf maple	sand
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	silt
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	clay
big leaf maple	clay
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	clay
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	silt
big leaf maple	silt
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	clay
western hemlock	loam
western hemlock	clay
western hemlock	clay
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	clay
Douglas fir	clay
big leaf maple	silt
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	sand
western redcedar	sand
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	sand
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	loam
red alder	silt
red alder	silt
western redcedar	sand
Douglas fir	silt
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	sand
big leaf maple	sand
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	loam
Douglas fir	loam
western redcedar	clay
Douglas fir	loam
red alder	silt
Douglas fir	sand
western redcedar	sand
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	clay
western hemlock	silt
western hemlock	sand
western hemlock	silt
big leaf maple	clay
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	sand
western hemlock	sand
big leaf maple	loam
western redcedar	clay
red alder	loam
big leaf maple	silt
western hemlock	clay
big leaf maple	sand
Douglas fir	clay
western hemlock	clay
western redcedar	clay
Douglas fir	sand
Douglas fir	sand
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	clay
western hemlock	clay
western redcedar	clay
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	loam
Douglas fir	sand
western redcedar	clay
western redcedar	sand
western hemlock	clay
western redcedar	sand
western redcedar	silt
Douglas fir	loam
western hemlock	sand

Part 1. Chi-squared Goodness-of-Fit Test

A private landowner has contracted with a logging company to harvest trees from their property. A condition of the contract is that following the harvest, the remaining trees on the property must be composed of the following percentages:

10% big leaf maple

40% Douglas-fir

5% red alder

30% western hemlock

15% western redcedar

Following the harvest, the private landowner claims that the logging company has violated the terms of the contract. The private landowner conducts a survey on the trees remaining after harvest; these data are in the treesoil.csv dataset under the column Tree.

(1a) What is Ho and Ha in a test of the claim?

(1b) Determine how many trees of each species were observed in the survey. Make a frequency table of the tree species data using the table() command. Paste in your frequency table below.

(1c) Use your observed frequencies for each tree species from (1b) to test Ho using a Chi-squared goodness-of-fit test:

chisq.test(dataset, p = c(expected frequencies))

Paste your code and output below.

(1d) Based on your output from (1c), what is your statistical conclusion and interpretation at alpha = 0.05?

Part 2. Chi-squared Test of Independence

In the survey, the private landowner also collected information on the type of soil in which each tree was growing; these data are in the treesoil.csv dataset under the column Soil.

(2a) What is Ho and Ha in a Chi-squared test of independence for the relationship between tree species and soil type?

(2b) Use R/RStudio to make a contingency table of tree species by soil type using table() command. Paste your code and table below.

(2c) Make a mosaic plot in R/RStudio from your contingency table using mosaicplot(). Add an appropriate title, and appropriate labels for the x-axis and y-axis. Use different colors in your plot using col = c("color1", "color2"...); you will need a different color for each column of data in your contingency table. Recall that contingency tables are described as r x c; for example, a 2 x 3 contingency table has 2 rows and 3 columns. Paste your mosaic plot below.

(2d) Based on the mosaic plot from (2c), do you think there is an association between tree species and soil type? Justify your answer.

(2e) Conduct a Chi-squared test of independence to test your hypotheses in (2d). Paste your code and output below.

(2f) Based on your output from (2e), what is your statistical conclusion and interpretation at alpha = 0.05?