Use XLOOKUP with the ActionReference table (at the far right on the HMDA_Data sheet) to fill in the column called "approval_status_name" that returns: Approved when "action_taken" = 1, 2, or 6 (i.e., the loan was approved) Denied when "action_taken" = 3 (i.e., the loan was denied) Note that there are other possible outcomes that fall earlier in the loan process, but they have already been cleaned from the data through prior data cleaning steps.