Using the IS - LM framework, analyze graphically how Y and r change in the (Y, r) space in response to the following events:

a. Government encourages people to put more money into their retirement accounts (such as 401k and IRA). b. The administration appoints as the chair of the Federal Reserve Bank a person who is focused on unemployment, leading to higher inflation in the long run. [Hint: use Fisher equation.] c. Large fiscal deficits over several years, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, lead to excessive government borrowing, which raises concerns about future taxes. Although fiscal expansion is thought to be positive for growth, large deficits will influence people's expectations about future interest rates and how that might impact output growth. [Hint: analyze this as tax increase.] d. During the President Reagan's administration in the early 1980s, the U.S. cut taxes and ran large fiscal deficits, while the Federal Reserve pursued a tight monetary policy.