Using the schema shown in Table 14-1 of the Boardman book, diagram the evaluation design used in the CBA of each of the following programs.

Type Design I: Comparison of net changes between treatment and true control groups Design 2: Comparison of post- treatment outcomes between true control and treatment groups Design 3: Simple beforelafter comparison Structure 1 Major advantages R: 01 X 02 Random assignment guards R: 0, 04 R' X02 a- 0 0X0 against systematic differences between control and treatment groups so highest internal validity Random assignment guards against systematic differences between control and treatment groups so high internal validity Often feasible and relatively inexpensive; reasonable when factors other than treatment are unlikely to affect outcome Major disadvantages Direct and ethical costs of random assignment; as with all evaluations external validity may be limited Direct and ethical costs of random assignment; danger that a failure of randomization will not be detected Does not control for other factors that may cause change Design 4: XO Allows for possibility of Danger of sample selection Comparison of post- Oz statistically controlling for factors bias caused by systematic treatment outcomes other than treatment differences between between quasi-control treatment and quasi-control and treatment groups groups Design 5: OXO, Allows for possibility of Danger of sample selection Comparison of net O, O, statistically controlling for factors bias caused by systematic changes between other than treatment; permits differences between treatment and quasi- detection of pre-treatment treatment and quasi- control group measurable differences between control group in terms of treatment and quasi-control groups nonmeasurable differences O, observation; X, treatment; R, random assignment. ' Draws on notation introduced by Donald T. Campbell and Julian Stanley, Experimental and Quasi- Experimental Designs for Research (Chicago, IL: Rand Mcnally College Publishing Company, 1963).Table 14.2 S tyh'zed CostBenet Framework Showing the Impacts of E&T Programs Society (A) (B + C) Participant (B) Nonparticipant (C) Output produced by participant In-program output + 0 + Gross earnings + + 0 Fringe benefits + + 0 Participant work-related expenditures Tax payments 0 + Expenditures on child care, transportation, etc. - - 0 Use of transfer programs by participants Welfare payments 0 - + Other transfer payments 0 + Transfer program operating costs + 0 + Use of support programs by participants Support services received by participants - 0 - Allowances received by participants 0 + - E&T operating costs - 0