Using the tables in Exhibits 26-3 and 26-4, determine the present value of the following cash flows, discounted at an annual rate of 15 percent. (Round "PV factors" to 3 decimal places. Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answers to the nearest whole dollar amount.)

a. $8,500 to be received 20 years from today.

b. $13,000 to be received annually for 10 years.

c. $6,700 to be received annually for five years, with an additional $12,000 salvage value expected at the end of the fifth year.

d. $31,000 to be received annually for the first three years, followed by $20,000 received annually for the next two years (total of five years in which cash is received).