Using the techniques discussed during the lecture, draw diagrams for each of the five arguments below. You may refer to the information in the reading resource section to review the proper steps of mapping the statements. You should also familiarize yourself with how to use the basic graphic tools in MS Word as it is the best tool to use for building the diagrams.

1. Please place the diagrams below the arguments
2. Save the file as a PDF and submit via the course website.

1. Since our feelings, desires, and preferences can be beneficial or harmful, noble or ignoble, praiseworthy or damnable, and since they can be either in harmony or in conflict with other people's feelings, desires, and preferences, they are obviously not accurate tools for analysis of moral issues or trustworthy guidelines to action.

2. (1)School tests should be abolished. (2) Tests introduce competition where it does not belong. (3)They deny the individuality of students' talents and interests. (4) They degrade education by encouraging passivity, mindlessness, and triviality. (5) Finally, they send the wrong messages about what is valuable in education and in life.

3. Logic! Why don't they teach logic at these schools? There are only three possibilities. Either your sister is telling lies, or she is mad, or she is telling the truth. You know she doesn't tell lies and it's obvious that she's not mad. For the moment then and unless future evidence turns up, we must assume that she is telling the truth.

4. True-false and multiple-choice tests have well-known limits. No matter how carefully questions are worded, some ambiguities will remain. The format of the questions prohibits in-depth testing of important analytic skills. Students can become so "test savvy" that objective tests measure test-taking skill as much as subject-matter content.

5. j Planetary exploration has many virtues. k It permits us to refine insights derived from such Earth-bound sciences as meteorology, climatology, geology and biology, to broaden their powers and improve their practical applications here on Earth. l It provides cautionary tales on the alternative fates of worlds. m It is an aperture to future high technologies important for life here on Earth. n It provides an outlet for the traditional human zest for exploration and discovery, our passion to find out, which has been to a very large degree responsible for our success as a species. And o it permits us, for the first time in history, to approach with rigor, with a significant chance of finding out the true answers, questions on the origins and destinies of worlds, the beginnings and ends of life, and the possibilities of other beings who live in the skiesquestions as basic to the human enterprise as thinking is, as natural as breathing.