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A sociologist wants to know the opinions of employed adult women about government funding for day care. She obtains a list of the 520 members of a local business and professional women's club and mails a questionnaire to 100 of these women selected at random. Only 48 questionnaires are returned. What is the population in this study? 0 the 100 randomly selected women 0 employed adult women 0 the 48 club members who returned the survey 0 the 520 members of the club What is the sample? 0 the 100 randomly selected women 0 employed adult women 0 the 48 club members who returned the survey 0 the 520 members of the club Twenty overweight females have agreed to participate in a study of the effectiveness of four weightiloss treatments: A, E, C, and D. The researcher first calculates how overweight each subject is by comparing the subject's actual weight with her "ideal" weight. Here are the subjects and their excess weights in pounds. Birnbaum 35 Hernandez 25 Moses 25 Smith 29 Brown 34 Jachon 33 Nevesky 39 Stall 33 Brunk 30 Kendall 28 Obrach 30 Tran 35 Cruz 34 Loren 32 Rodriguez 30 Wilansky 42 Deng 24 Mann 28 Santiago 27 Williams 22 The response variable is the weight lost after 8 weeks of treatment. Because a subject's excess weight will inuence the response, a block design is appropriate. (a) Arrange the subjects in order of increasing excess weight. Form 5 blocks of 4 subjects each by grouping the 4 least overweight, then the next 4, and so on. (List the names in each block by increasing excess weights.) Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 (b) Use Table B to randomly assign the 4 subjects in each block to the 4 weightaloss treatments. (Start on line 128 of Table B. Number from 1 to 4 within each block and assign patients to treatment A,B,C, or D in the order they appear in the table.) Block 1. Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Treatment A | H H H H Treatment B I ll ll ll ll Treatment C I ll ll ll ll Treatment DI ll ll ll ll For each of the following sampling situations, identify the population as exactly as possible. That is, say what kind of individuals the population consists of and say exactly which individuals fall in the population. If the information given is not complete, complete the description of the population in a reasonable way. (a) Each week, the Gallup Poll questions a sample of about 1500 adult U.S. residents to determine national opinion on a wide variety of issues. population O all adult US residents O the issues in the poll O the 1500 US residents O the US residents who give opinions in the poll individual O a questionnaire O an issue O a person O an opinion (b) The 2000 census tried to gather basic information from every household in the United States. But a "long form" requesting much additional information was sent to a sample of about 17% of the households. population O all US households all households where basic information was obtained all US citizens the 17% households who got surveyed individual O a question on the form O a household O a person (c) A machinery manufacturer purchases voltage regulators from a supplier. There are reports that variation in the output voltage of the regulators is affecting the performance of the finished products. To assess the quality of the supplier's production, the manufacturer sends a sample of 5 regulators from the last shipment to a laboratory for study. population O the 5 regulators O all the regulator suppliers O all the regulators in US O all the regulators in the last shipment individual O a shipment O a laboratory O a voltage regulator O a regulator supplierA manufacturer of food products uses package liners that are sealed at the top by applying heated jaws after the package is filled. The customer peels the sealed pieces apart to open the package. What effect does the temperature of the jaws have on the force requried to peel the liner? To answer this question, the engineers prepare 20 pairs of pieces of package liner. They seal five pairs at each of 250"F, 275"F, 300"F, and 325"F. Then they measure the strength needed to peel each seal. Identify the experimental unit(s). (Select all that apply.) O the force required to open the package O the five levels of temperature O number of the engineers doing this experiment O the liners O the heat applied to the liners Identify the factor(s). (Select all that apply.) O the heat applied to the liners O number of the engineers doing this experiment O the five levels of temperature O the force required to open the package O the liners Identify the treatment(s). (Select all that apply.) O number of the engineers doing this experiment O the force required to open the package O the liners O the heat applied to the liners O the five levels of temperature Identify the response variable(s). (Select all that apply.) O the five levels of temperature O the heat applied to the liners O the liners O the force required to open the package O number of the engineers doing this experimentAn educator wants to compare the effectiveness of computer software that teaches reading with that of a standard reading curriculum. He tests the reading ability of each student in a class of fourth graders, then divides them into two groups. One group uses the computer regularly, while the other studies a standard curriculum. At the end of the year, he retests all the students and compares the increase in reading ability in the two groups. Is this an experiment? O yes O no Why or why not? O No treatment is imposed. O A treatment is imposed. What are the explanatory and response variables? the explanatory variable O the increase in reading ability based on the pretests and posttests O teaching methods (computer assisted or standard) O number of students in a class O number of groups divided the response variable O the increase in reading ability based on the pretests and posttests O number of students in a class O number of groups divided O teaching methods (computer assisted or standard)Many studies have found that people who drink alcohol in moderation have lower risk of heart attacks than either nondrinkers or heavy drinkers. Does alcohol consumption also improve survival after a heart attack? One study followed 1913 people who were hospitalized after severe heart attacks. In the year before their heart attack, 47% of these people did not drink, 36% drank moderately, and 17% drank heavily. After four years, fewer of the moderate drinkers had died. Is this an observational study or an experiment7 0 an observational study 0 an experiment Why? O The researcher attempted to change the amount that people drank. O The researcher did not attempt to change the amount that people drank. What are the explanatory and response variables? the explanatory variable 0 alcohol consumption O survival after 4 years 0 the 1913 people in the study the response variable 0 survival after 4 years 0 the 1913 people in the study 0 alcohol consumption During the 2000 presidential campaign, the candidates debated what to do with the large government surplus. The Pew Research Center asked two questions of random samples of adults. Both questions states that social security would be "fixed.\" Here are the uses suggested for the remaining surplus. Shoufd' the money be used for a tax cut, or should it be used to fund new goverment programs? should the money be used for a tax cut, or should it be spent on programs for education, the environment, health care, crime-ghting and military defense? One of these questions drew 60% favoring a tax cut; the other, only 22%. Which wording pulls respondents toward a tax cut? 0 the first wording O the second wording Why? 0 This wording contains a more popular alternative. 0 This wording is longer. 0 This wording uses bigger words. 0 This wording is shorter. O This wording uses smaller words. 0 This wording contains a less popular alternative. A newspaper article about an opinion poll says that "43% of Americans approve of the president's overall job performance." Toward the end of the article, you read: \"The poll is based on telephone interviews of 1210 adults from around the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii." What variable did this poll measure? 0 number of successful telephone interviews 0 number of people surveyed O the response rate 0 approval of president's job pen'orrnance What population do you think the newspaper wants information about? 0 adult citizens of Alaska and Hawaii 0 adult c Zens of the US east coast 0 adult citizens of the US 0 adult citizens of the US west coast 0 the 1210 adults interviewed What was the sample? 0 adult citizens of the US east coast 0 the 1210 adults interviewed 0 adult citizens of Alaska and Hawaii 0 adult citizens of the US 0 adult citizens of the US west coast Are there any sources of bias in the sampling method used? (Select all that apply.) D They only surveyed people in US. Cl Only adults With phones were contacted. D The sample size is too small. Cl Alaska and Hawaii were omitted. Just before a presidental election, a national Opinion polling firm increases the size of its weekly sample from the usual 1500 people to 4000 people. Why do you think the firm does this? 0 "his is just a marketing strategy. 'he rm has too much man power. O _ 0 "he population of the poll increased. 0 , he rm wants to increase the accuracy of its poll results. The ability to grow in shade may help pines found in the dry forests of Arizona to resist drought. How well do these pines grow in shade? Investigators planted pine seedlings in a greehouse in either full light or light reduced to 5% of normal by shade cloth. At the end of the study, they dried the young trees and weighed them. Identify the experimental unit(s). (Select all that apply.) U the weight of the trees U the individual trees D the amount of light U the greenhouse Identify the factor(s). (Select all that apply.) U the individual trees D the weight of the trees [3 the greenhouse U the amount of light Identify the treatment(5). (Select all that apply.) [3 full light and reduced light [3 the way the intestors dried the trees U the location of the greenhouse D the age of the trees Identify the response variable(s). (Select all that apply.) [3 the amount of light U the individual trees [3 the weight of the trees [3 the greenhouse Sickle-cell disease is an inherited disorder of the red blood cells that in the United States affects mostly blacks. It can cause severe pain and many complications. Can the drug hydroxyurea reduce the severe pain caused by sickle-cell disease? A study by the National Institutes of Health gave the drug to 150 sickle-cell sufferers and a placebo (a dummy medication) to another 150. The researchers then counted the episodes of pain reported by each subject. Identify the experimental unit(s). (Select all that apply.) O number of pain episodes O the drug given O the 300 sickle cell patient O number of researchers Identify the factor(s). (Select all that apply.) O number of researchers O the 300 sickle cell patients the drug given O number of pain episodes Identify the treatment(s). (Select all that apply.) O hydroxyurea and placebo O number of pain episodes O number of researchers O the 300 sickle cell patients Identify the response variable(s). (Select all that apply.) number of pain episodes O the 300 sickle cell patients O number of researchers O hydroxyurea and placeboA Chemical engineer is desiging the production process for a new product. The chemical reaction that produces the product may have higher or lower yield, depending on the light, temperature, and stirring rate in the vessel in which the reaction takes place. The engineer decides to investigate the effects of combinations of two light levels (low and high), three temperatures (40\"C, 50\"C, and 60C) and four stirring rates (30 rpm, 60 rpm, 90 rpm, and 120 rpm) on the yield of the process. She will process five batches of the product at each combination of light, temperature, and stirring rate. (a) What are the experimental units in this experiment? 0 the yield of each batch O the batches of the product 0 the stirring rate 0 the temperature What is the response variable in this experiment? 0 the temperature 0 the stirring rate 0 the batches of the product 0 the yield of each batch (b) How many factors are there? |:l How many treatments are there? |:| Use a diagram to lay out the treatments. (Do this on paper. Your instructor may ask you to turn in this work.) (c) How many experimental units are required for the experiment? |:l