VII. Mill's Methods

Directions: For each of the following passages, indicate which of Mill's methods is being employed. Then, determine whether you think the argument is inductively strong or weak.

An experimental vaccine prevented women from becoming persistently infected with a [type of human papilloma virus called HPV-16 that is associated with half of all cervical cancers, researchers reported. The study involved 2,392 women from 16 to 23 years of age. Participants were randomly assigned to receive three shots of either an HPV-16 vaccine or a placebo. Participants were followed for an average of 17 months after getting the 3^rd shot. The result was that 41 women developed HPV-16 infection - all of these women were in the placebo group. By comparison, no one who got all three vaccine shots developed an HPV infection.

Mill's method:

Strength of the argument:

Engineers tested the performance of four diesel-powered freight trucks before and after a tune-up. The trucks differed in age, manufacturer, and engine-type. The performance of every truck was better after the tune-up, leading engineers to conclude that tune-ups improve the overall performance of freight trucks.

Mill's method:

Strength of the argument:

An analyst for the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (I.R.S.) noticed that tax revenues for last year were down by 14 percent. Out of the total revenue generated, the analyst attributed 6 percent to an economic downturn last year, 3 percent to higher interest rates that led to higher tax write-offs, and 2 percent to changes in the tax code. Unable to attribute the remaining 3 percent to any other lawful reasons, the analyst concluded that it resulted from increased fraud by taxpayers.

Mill's method:

Strength of the argument:

VIII. Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

Directions: Identify whether the following statements involve a necessary or sufficient condition.

"Nothing ventured, nothing gained."

According to this famous proverb, taking a chance is a ... condition for gaining anything in life.

If you get a cholera vaccination, then you'll be protected when you visit India next year.

Getting a cholera vaccination is a ... condition for being protected on your tip.

"... liberal democracy has arisen only in nations that are market-oriented, not in all of them, but only in them." - Charles E. Lindblom, Politics and Markets

Lindblom's claim is that nations being market-oriented is a ... condition, not a ... condition, for the development of liberal democratic governance.

*Please seperate the answers and short explanations