Visa sued FDC for breach of contract and trademark infringement, 178 and amended its rules to require all transactions be authorized, cleared, and processed through VisaNet. 179 FDC counterclaimed on various antitrust grounds. 180 The suit settled in July 2006. As part of a settlement, FDC agreed to conduct all of its Visa transactions on VisaNet, even if they involve an acquirer and an issuer both serviced by FDC.181 The settlement effectively precludes FDC from competing with Visa network by diverting away business through "onus" transactions. Nonetheless, many of the large card issuers have taken their processing in-house, 182 and if merchants successfully challenge Visa's Visa Net processing requirement, 183 FDC would still be positioned to benefit