W & S Partners commenced the risk assessment phase of the Cloud 9 audit with procedures structure and its business environment. You have completed your research on the key market forces related to Cloud 9's operations. The topics you researched included the general and industry-specific economic trends and conditions; the competitive environment; product, customer, and supplier information: technological advances and the effect of the internet; and laws and regulatory requirements. The purpose of this research is to identify the inherent risks. The auditor needs to identify which financial statement assertions may be affected by these inherent risks. Identifying the risks will help determine the nature of the audit procedures.

Management implicitly or explicitly makes assertions regarding the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of the various elements of the financial statements. Auditors use assertions for account balances to form a basis for the assessment of risks of material misstatement. That is, assertions are used to identify the types of errors that could occur in transactions that result in their account balance. Consequently, further breaking down the account into these assertions will direct the audit effort to those areas of higher risk. The auditors broadly classify assertions as existence or occurrence; completeness; valuation or allocation; rights and obligations and presentation and disclosure.

An additional task during the risk assessment phase is to consider the concept of materiality as it applies to the client. The auditor will design procedures in order to identify and correct errors or irregularities that would have a material effect on the financial statements and affect the decision-making of the users of the financial statements. Materiality is used in determining audit procedures and sample selections, and in evaluating differences between client records and audit results. It is the maximum amount of misstatement. individually or in aggregate, that can be accepted in the financial statements. In selecting the base figure to be used to calculate materiality, an auditor should consider the key drivers of the business and ask, " What are the end users ( that is, shareholders, banks and so on ) of the accounts going to be looking at? " For example, will shareholders be interested in profit figures that can be used to pay dividends and increase share price?

W & S Partners audit methodology dictates that one planning materiality (PM ) amount is to be used for the financial statements as a whole. Further, only one basis should be selected - a blended approach or average should not be used. The basis selected is the one determined to be the key driver of the business.

Starting percentages for materiality bases

Base		Threshold (%)
Profit before tax		5.0
Revenues		1.0
Total assets		1.0
Equity		3.0

These starting points can be increased or decreased by taking into account qualitative client factors, such as:

		the nature of the client's business and industry (for example, rapidly changing through growth or downsizing, or because of an unstable environment)
		whether the client is a public company (or subsidiary of one) that is subject to regulations
		the knowledge of or high risk of fraud

Typically, profit before tax is used; however, it cannot be used if the entity is reporting a loss for the year or if profitability is not consistent.

When calculating PM based on interim figures, it may be necessary to annualize the results. This allows the auditor to properly plan the audit based on an approximate projected year-end balance. Then, at year end, the figure is adjusted, if necessary, to reflect the actual results.

Answer the following questions based on the information presented for Cloud 9 in Appendix A.

Click here to view appendix A

Using the December 31, 2023 trail balance in App A calculate planning materiality and include the justification for the basis that you have used for your calculation. ??

Appendix A A-5 Appendix A A-5