We compared direct observation of ICU, high dependency unit (HDU), and emergency (ER) with video surveillance in these areas. Direct observation was done for 30 minutes in each area, cumulatively 4 hours/day. From March onward, video surveillance was introduced for hand hygiene compliance monitoring and it was prior informed to all doctors and staff. Video surveillance was also done for the same duration i.e. 30 minutes. During video surveillance, no observer was physically present in those areas. In this study, direct observation and video audit were compared from March 2018 to August 2018 between doctors, nurses, and housekeeping staff Identify primary statistics used to answer clinical questions (You need to list the actual tests done)