We consider the use of small packets for Voice-over-IP applications. Suppose that the packet consists of L bytes of data and 5 bytes of header.

a) A small packet size causes a fraction of link bandwidth to be consumed by overhead. The transmission overhead can be defined as the percentage of the amount of transmitted overhead bits relative over the total amount of transmitted bits. Determine the transmission overhead for L = 1,500 bytes and for L = 50 bytes.

b) Consider sending a digitally encoded voice source directly. Suppose the source is encoded at a constant rate of 128 kbps. Assume each packet is entirely filled before the source sends the packet into the network. The time required to fill a packet is the packetization delay. Packetization delays greater than 20 msec can cause a noticeable and unpleasant echo. In terms of L bytes, determine the packetization delay in milliseconds. Also, determine the packetization delay for L = 1,500 bytes and for L = 50 bytes.