We saw that expansionary fiscal policy can cause the crowding$-$out effect. What can the Federal Reserve do$,$ if anything, so that there would be no crowding$-$out effect associated with fiscal expansion?

Question $7$ options:

b$.$ Increase the money supply.

c$.$ Decrease the money supply.

d$.$ Keep the money supply constant.

a$.$ The Fed cannot do anything to avoid the crowding$-$out effect.