" We teach our children to apologize by forcing them to say things they don't really mean. Truth, in this context, is the last thing we want. A true description of my son's state of mind after hitting his sister would go something like this: "I hurt her because I wanted to." In place of this accurate account, we teach him to say that he's sorry. Perhaps someday he'll mean it. In the meantime, he at least learns that hitting will not be tolerated. "

"Now imagine you get passed over for a promotion at work. The boss tells you that your candidacy was given careful con- sideration, but they were looking for more of a proactive team- buildersomeone to bring fresh ideas into the organization. But you can't help noticing that the less qualified person hired for the job came over from the company where the boss used to work. The boss's rationalization of the decision is bullshit. The reasons she provided are not completely irrelevant to the task of justifying her decision, but they miss the mark badly both because they are not the real reasons for the decision and because, even if they were, you judge that they shouldn't be given as much weight as your more extensive experience and qualifications"

As we have seen, Kimbroughmistakenly claims that the apology case and the promotion case are examples of bullshit.

Re-read the first two sections of Kimbrough'sessay.

How does Kimbroughthink that Frankfurt defines "bullshit"? And how does his interpretation of Frankfurt lead him to conclude thatthe apology case and the promotion case are examples ofbullshit?