What are five management challenges of data science? Business leaders must balance the conventional skills of leadership with novel ways of making data-based decisions Training and hiring new staff who are capable of working well with data Collecting data from customers with appropriate consent Shifting company culture from asking "what do we think?" to "what do we know?" Using and maintaining big data-based technologies Reorganizing decision-making processes so that people who understand the problems are connected to the right data Responsibly using algorithms to make effective and transparent decisions How are information systems designers "gatekeepers"? What we create and implement has our approval. Designers are a pair of hands useful for making things like gates. Design is a labour that must come with counsel. Designers have a responsibility to ask "Why?" and to say "no." Imagine you've designed a spreadsheet that takes in your grades on each assignment/exam and uses this data to estimates you how many hours you need E put into each course for the rest of the semester. Such a system would be an example of... An information system A decision support system Business intelligence An expert system What if analysis