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What are the three basic types of labor processes? How are they connected in the capitalist economy? To my knowledge it is commodity production, private

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What are the three basic types of labor processes? How are they connected in the capitalist economy?

To my knowledge it is commodity production, private ownership of the capital goods used in production, and wage labor. I just help understanding how are they connected and an explanation of each.

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@ bookshelf.vitalsource.com ; E-Library B VitalSource Bookshelf: Understanding Ca... Understanding Capitalism Samuel Bowles; Frank Roosevelt; Richard Expand all | Collapse all Suggested Readings v 2. People, Preferences, and Society v 3. AThree-Dimensional Approach to Economics v 4. The Surplus Product: Conflict and Change v 5. Capitalism as an Economic System v 6. Government and the Economy v 7.U.S. Capitalism: Accumulation and Change v 8. Supply and Demand: How Markets Work v 9. Competition and Coordination: The Invisible Hand v 10. Capitalist Production and Profits ~ 11. Competition and Concentration 27 29 49 67 89 113 132 169 181 207 233 T0Z PART1 Political Economy (the capital-labor relationship) is, in turn, defined by two other characteristics of the labor process: private ownership of the capital goodsthe tools, factories, offices, and other (durable) goods used in productionand labor employed as wage labor. Privately Owned Capital Goods Private property is a social institution (or rule) that gives individuals or firms the right to use, lend, or sell things such as land, buildings, and artistic or intellectual creations of any kind; it means that one can have or use such things only if one has made, rented, pur- chased, or been given them. The second defining feature of capitalism (after commodity production) is that the capital goods used in production are the private property of capitalists. Private property means, first, that what is owned may be used or sold at the discretion of the owner or people he or she selects; second, that the owner has a claim on any income or other benefits that may result from the use of the object owned; and third, that the owner is entitled to exclude others from using whatever it is that is owned, for example, land or factories. A sign that reads \"Private Property, No Trespassing\" conveys the third meaning of private property. Private ownership of capital goods, while not unique to capitalism, is nonethe- less far from universal. For instance, many Native American peoples did not have a concept of private property in land, and this led to misunderstandings between them and the European settlers who thought they were buying things from the Native Americans in accordance with Western notions of private property. The derogatory expression \"Indian giver,\" referring to someone who gives something and then wants it back, illustrates this point: the phrase arises from the Europeans' (and, later, some Americans') inability to understand that among Native Ameri- cans some things such as land were neither mine nor yours but ours or no one's. Other societies have also had very complex notions of property, as illustrated by the description in the box \"Property Rights among the Arapesh of New Guinea\" in Chapter 2.) Privately owned capital goods include machines, buildings, offices, tools, and other durable things needed in production and whose owner, because of a property right, determines how the property will be used. How could capital goods not be privately owned? In some cases a government body, such as a municipal electric company, may own them. Even in the private sector it is possible for the capital goods in a particular company to be owned by its workers. Indeed, it occasionally happens that when a company is on the verge of bankruptcy and needs to be \"bailed out\" to prevent it from \"going under,\" its managers and workers will get together, raise the capital necessary to buy a majority of the company's shares in the stock n - @ bookshelf.vitalsource.com ; B VitalSource Bookshelf: Understanding Ca... A WY aphrasing = Understanding Capitalism @ bookshelf.vitalsource.com ; B VitalSource Bookshelf: Understanding Ca... A WY aphrasing Understanding Capitalism Samuel Bowles; Frank Roosevelt; Richard Expand all | Collapse all Suggested Readings v 2. People, Preferences, and Society v 3. AThree-Dimensional Approach to Economics v 4. The Surplus Product: Conflict and Change v 5. Capitalism as an Economic System v 6. Government and the Economy v 7.U.S. Capitalism: Accumulation and Change v 8. Supply and Demand: How Markets Work v 9. Competition and Coordination: The Invisible Hand v 10. Capitalist Production and Profits ~ 11. Competition and Concentration 27 29 49 67 89 113 132 169 181 207 233 108 PART1 Political Economy Wage Labor Wage labor is work performed under the direction of an em- ployer in return for a wage or salary. The third defining characteristic of a capitalist economic system (after commod- ity production and privately owned capital goods) is wage labor. Wage workers are people who must live on the wages or salaries they receive in return for working for an employerwhether their wage is figured based on how much time they work, or on how much they produce (\"piecework or \"commission\"); their work is called wage labor. Everyone who earns a living as an employee is a worker. What other kind of work is there? As we explain in the next chapter, most people in the United States two hundred years ago did not work as wage workers. They were independent farmers or other self-employed persons, or they were slaves. Some producers in the United States today are still not wage workers. These are the people who work for themselves, or in partnerships, or in cooperatively owned establish- ments. Some work at their own family farms or shops. People who work for themselves make their living either by producing what they themselves consume or by selling a commodity they have produced (which could be a service rather than a physical product). Wage labor is fundamentally different. People who work for wages or salaries make their living by renting themselves out, or more precisely, by selling their time. In exchange for the wage, they work under someone else's direction, producing things that they will not own. Concentration of ownership of capital goods in one part of the population im- plies the need for wage work among most of the rest. Only people who own a sub- stantial amount of property can live on their property income, while those who own few or no capital goods usually must have jobs to survive. Thus, the concentration of ownership of capital goods in the hands of relatively few people and the existence of wage labor are closely related. An example will make this point clear. In 2014, private sector workers in the United States worked with an average of more than $179,000 worth of capital goods (including software as well as equipment and buildings).* Most U.S. workers, of course, do not own the capital goods with which they work. American workers usu- ally own cars, and most own their own homes but little else. Thus a typical worker is not wealthy enough to acquire the capital goods he or she would need in order to be an independent producer. If workers each had an extra $179,000 of wealth, they n e

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