What can be taken into consideration when approximating the typical firm's cost of equity?

a) By adding a 5% risk premium onto the organization's before-tax cost of debt.

b) By adding a 5% risk premium to the after-tax cost of debt.

c) By subtracting a 5% risk discount from the before-tax cost of debt.

d) By subtracting a 5% risk discount from the after-tax cost of debt.