What components of a computer can recognize and directly execute the instructions we give?

The primitive instructions to the computer form a language that is called __________________.

When a person is designing a new computer, what is one of the first things he must decide?

Why the primitive instructions to the computer are made as simple as possible?

Why machine languages are generally difficult and tedious for people to use?

Since there is a large gap between what is convenient for people and what is convenient for computers, so how this problem is normally solved?

What is a virtual machine?

Whats difference between translation and interpretation?

Suppose a multilevel machine with level 0, level 1level 5,

What would be the name labeled to each level (for example, one label for level 5 could be C++ language)?

Is the study of individual transistors part of level 0? If not, what level is it? Is it the area of study for a computer science major? If not, what discipline it is for?

Which levels language can be directly carried out by the electronic circuits, without the need for intervening translation or interpretation?

Is it true that a person who writes programs for the level n virtual machine need not be aware of the underlying interpreters and translators?

Is it true that a person interested in understanding how a computer really works need only understand level 5? If not, how many levels?

What is a data path? And what is its basic operation?

The interpreter for Level 2 machine is normally called ___________________.

Why Operating System machine level called hybrid level?

Machine Language Reference Manual is actually describing __________________ level.

Systems programmers normally deal with the problems below level ________________.

What is the name of the translator for Assembly language program? And is true that it is always translated into the level 3 language?

The _____________ are connected to _____________ to form a data path, over which the data flow and the software that controls the operation of the data path is called __________________.

Is it true that a JAVA program is always translated into machine language? If not, what is it translated into?

The set of data types, operations, and features of each level is called its _____________________.

What is the purpose of introducing Microprogram?

What is core dump?

What was the original designing purpose of an operating system?

Whats a major difference between a batch system and a timesharing system from a user perspective?

On page 13, the author said, In a certain sense, computer design had come full circle, back to the way it was before Wilkes invented microprogramming in the first place. What does it imply and/or why he said this?

Use Excel to summarize Section 1.2 as given by the following example. (5 Points)

Generation	Time	Defining Technology	Machines, HW, or SW to remember	Persons or company to remember	Why
0	1642-1945	Mechanical Computers	Analytical engine	Charles Babbage
				Ada Lovelace
				John Atanasoff
1			ENIGMA, COLOSSUS
			ENIAC	John Mauchley, J. Eckert
			EDSAC, IAS	John von Neumann, Herman Goldstine
2			Bus,	DEC (HP)
			Supercomputer	Seymour Cray
3

Defining the following terms:

Moores Law

Von Neumann machine

Virtuous Circle

RFID

Clusters

Cloud Computing

Computers that are embedded inside devices that are not sold as computers are called _____________ or _______________.

1.4 focuses on 3 popular ISAs, which mean ________________________. List these 3 ISAs and what markets they dominate.

Tell a short story how the first single-chip CPU was born.

What CPU was used by the first IBM PC? And what are its bus size and its address space?

What enhancements were added to 80486 from 80386?

After 80486, why Intel stopped using numbers as its CPU name? What was the first non-number name did it use and what implication did the name have?

Use Excel to prepare the table similar to the following. (10 points)

Intel CPU evolution: Please refer to the entire section of 1.4.1 and supply what are missing. Figure 1-11 is useful but is not enough.
CPU	Characteristics or Innovations	Address Space
8088	8-bit bus, used by 1st IBM PC
80286	Memory Protection present, (It had 2 modes of operation: real-address mode or DOS-mode and protected mode	16 M
80386	32-bit CPU
80486	Had a floating-point unit	4 G
	8-k cache
	had build-in multiprocessor support
Pentium	two pipelines	4 G
	MMX instructions	4 G
Pentium Pro		4 G
Pentium II		4 G
Pentium III		4 G
Penyium 4		4 G
Core Duo		2 G
Core
Core i7
(Others)
Celeron
Xeon
Pentium M

In 2004, why Intel canceled the production of 4-GHz Pentium 4?

Multiprocessors computer has many advantages, but it also poses great challenges to programmers. What are these challenges?

Briefly discuss the 3 types of memory used on microcontrollers.

Name two very important registers related to instruction and their contents (i.e. what they hold).

What is the recipe for success in the microcontroller business?