What did Albert Einstein, Ludwig Boltzmann, Werner Heisenberg, and Paul Dirac have in common, according to Camp (2016)? They were all European physicists that practiced in the early 20th century. They felt that physics as a field was essentially a solved problem that just needed some cleaning up. They were outsiders to the field of physics, and were partially responsible for the leap in understanding of physics in their time. They all won a Nobel Prize in physics.