What does the author mean below when she says that the results were statistically significant. In other words, what does it mean to say that the results are statistically significant? Explain what a p-value is and how it relates to statistical significance.

Refer to the following excerpt from a hypothetical research article that compared memory-test performance between two groups of participants: those who consumed a caffeinated beverage before the test and those who consumed a non-caffeinated beverage:

Researchers conducted an independent samples t-test to study the difference between experimental conditions on test performance. The results showed a significant difference between participants who consumed the caffeinated beverage and participants who did not, with participants in the caffeinated group (M = 7.64, SD = 2.41) performing worse than participants in the non-caffeinated group (M = 9.81, SD = 3.16), t(97) = 2.14, p < .05.