What does this mean?Kivlighan and his colleagues developed a model stating that groups undergo critical periods for effective development. Early group development focuses on establishing positive bonds, while later development focuses on establishing working relationships. Group leaders can enhance group effectiveness by focusing on positive bonding and interpersonal work. The actor-partner interaction for early positive bonding emphasizes the importance of both individual and group bonding. Leaders should also consider discrepancies between actors' and partners' perceptions of negative relationships, as these can create learning opportunities. Group leaders should focus on the group as a whole before focusing on individual group members