What factors did Congress mandate to be considered in determining whether indebtedness is classified as debt or equity for tax purposes? Say you are planning to start a new business. You expect to have losses for the first 2 years and then achieve significant profits. But, in order to grow, you will need to be able to keep the after-tax earnings. You also want to limit your liability. How will you structure your business and why? Should dividends paid to corporations be taxed differently than dividends paid to individuals? Why or why not? How do the stock ownership requirements for an affiliated group of corporations differ from those for a controlled group? An affiliated group has a consolidated NOL for the current year. What factors could determine whether it would be advantageous or disadvantageous for the group to elect to forgo the carryback of the consolidated NOL? Describe the situations in which a corporation must file a tax return. Your client saw an advertisement in the nonprofit chronicles: We Need Your Help! Nonprofit organization needs donations; all donations welcomed but not limited to autos, boats, real estate, etc. Your donation is tax deductible. What would you say to your client concerning federal income tax laws on donations of cash, autos, boats, and real estate and how they apply to corporate taxpayers