What is a consequence of the lack of integration between Research & Development $($R&D$)$ and production when innovating new products?

a$.$ Lack of integration lowers costs and increases product quality.

b$.$ Lack of integration can lead to increases in time to market and development costs due to redesigns.

c$.$ Lack of integration lowers manufacturing costs and leaves less room for error.

d$.$ Lack of integration ensures that products are designed with manufacturing requirements in mind.

e$.$ Lack of integration helps lower development costs and speed products to market