What is an essential philosophical underpinning of total quality management $($TQM$)?$

Question $8$ options:

a$)$

Autocratic leadership underpins quality management.

b$)$

Providing appropriate reward and punishment elicits quality management.

c$)$

Employees need to follow specific tenants of quality management to resolve workplace problems.

d$)$

People closest to the work problem are probably the ones to best solve it$.$