What is implied by the "income effect" in the market for corned beef

a$.$

corned beef is generally eaten by people with higher than average incomes.

b$.$

a decrease in the price of a substitute good like spam will make corned beef eaters feel a little poorer than they were before.

c$.$

an increase in the price of corned beef will cause meet eaters to look for a lower priced food.

d$.$

an increase in the price of corned beef will reduce the total purchasing power of corned beef eaters, making them able to afford fewer corned beef.