What is the approach taken by Canadian courts with respect to awards for punitive damages?

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a

Canadian courts always make awards of punitive damages in order to deter other potential wrongdoers.

b

Canadian courts normally only award punitive damages where the defendant's conduct was malicious$$ oppressive$$ high$-$handed$$ or where the defendant might otherwise profit from his wrongdoing.

c

Canadian courts awards for punitive damages are usually higher than the awards typically granted in the United States.

d

Canadian courts do not award punitive damages unless the wrongdoer's conduct was criminal conduct.