What is the background of the Case Study?

AN AUDIT APPROACH WHICH PLACES MANAGEMENT'S OBJECTIVES AT ITS CENTRE The group internal audit department of a domestic products multinational company headquartered in London is undertaking an audit engagement of the multinational's operating unit in Tokyo. At an early point in the planning process of this engagement, the audit team establishes who has oversight responsibility for the Tokyo operating unit. Let us say that this is the production director located in London, to whom the head of the Tokyo operating unit reports. In a real sense the audit engagement is being conducted for the production director. The production director has a number of direct reports spread across the world, with oversight responsibility for each. The production director needs to know that all is in order within each of these operating units. He or she can go and find out for himself or herself. But the production director will rarely find the time to do so, and would hardly know how to set about doing so effectively. Internal auditing has been defined as doing what management would do if management had the time and knew how to do it. Internal auditors are experts at auditing-which management usually is not. An internal audit function does, of course, have the time to audit. Internal audit looks round corners that management are unable easily to look round for themselves. At a later stage, the emerging audit findings will be discussed with the head of the Tokyo operating unit, whose responses will be built into the final audit report; the audit report will be addressed to the production director in London who may be regarded as the main client of this particular audit engagement. The report will be copied to the head of the Tokyo operating unit. In this way, the audit findings will be addressed to the level of management that needs to know and that is capable of ensuring appropriate action on audit findings is taken. Should the production director fail to ensure this, the chief audit executive will then need to consider whether the audit results, together with reference to the CAE's view that insufficient action has been taken upon them, should be communicated to an even higher level.7 However, the CAE may consider that the degree of importance of the audit findings, when matched to the seniority of the production director, means that escalation above the level of the production director is not warranted as it may be legitimate for the production director to decide whether to live with a level of risk identified during the audit engagement Meanwhile, early during the planning of the audit engagement, having established that the production director has oversight responsibility for the Tokyo operating unit, the audit team arrange to meet with the production director. Initially the auditors ask the production director to explain: "What are your objectives for the Tokyo operation?" As with all information offered to the audit team during the course of the audit engagement, the auditors will consider how they can independently verify the validity of the statement of management's objectives that the team has been given. If the production director points out to the audit team that he or she has not thought much about the Tokyo operation for a while and cannot immediately recall whether there are any established objectives for Tokyo, then audit findings are already starting to emerge as clearly this is unsatisfactory. Nevertheless, the audit engagement cannot proceed further until the audit team has hammered out with the production director an agreed upon set of objectives for the Tokyo operation. Next, in effect the audit team asks the production director the following question: "OK, we are agreed on your objectives for the Tokyo operating unit. What information do you need to be receiving so that you know whether these objectives are being achieved?" Again, if the production director is uncertain, then further provisional audit findings are starting to emerge--even though this discussion is taking place only during the planning phase of the audit engagement, before the audit team have left London for Tokyo. But planning the engagement cannot proceed further until the audit team has hammered out with the production director an agreement on the nature of the information he or she needs to be in receipt of in order to monitor whether management's objectives for the Tokyo operation are being achieved. The next step is for the audit team to ask to see the information the production director is receiving: "OK, we are agreed on the information you need to get from Tokyo to monitor that management's objectives for Tokyo are being achieved. Can you show us the information you are receiving about the Tokyo operation, please?" When the audit team reviews this information they may discover that it is incomplete, unclear, inconsistent or untimely. So, further important provisional audit findings are starting to emerge. Nevertheless, the audit team endeavours to interpret the information so as to determine the most valuable focus for the audit fieldwork in Tokyo-that is, their audit objectives. They will discuss the proposed audit objectives with the production director with the intention of getting his "buy-in" to = them. But being an assurance engagement, not the provision of a consulting service, it should be the decision of the chief audit executive what the audit objectives are to be internal auditors do not subordinate their judgement on professional matters to that of others. Having determined the audit objectives for the engagement, the audit team are then able to draw up their audit programme which sets out how they plan to spend their fieldwork time in Tokyo. The approach they will take in Tokyo will include: confirming the reliability of the management information of importance submitted to the oversight function in London; undertaking audit fieldwork so as to develop audit recommendations on issues they are already aware of with respect to incompleteness, lack of clarity, inconsistency and untimeliness; determining whether other significant events are occurring in Tokyo which should be reported to the oversight function. While this case study describes a slightly novel approach to operational auditing, it does illustrate the importance of being clear about management's objectives for the operation being audited, and how management's objectives are woven through the engagement from beginning to end. The case study interprets a classic article which defined internal auditing as: "Internal auditing is the process of appraising the information flow to the monitoring function of a system for its quality and completeness. It is carried out by checking that the information is both self consistent and mutually consistent and by the irregular generation of test information flows